HUMAN BODY
TISSUES
PRESENTED BY:
Ms. Deepshikha David
Assistant professor
• TISSUE: DEFINITION
The word ‘Tissue’ comes from an old French verb
meaning ‘to weave’
•Definition:
“Tissues are aggregates or groups of cells organized to
perform one or more specific functions.”
“Tissues are a group of cell that have similar structure, act
together to perform specific function and have same
origin.”
“A tissue is a group of cells that usually have a common
embryonic origin and function together to carry out
TISSUES
Histology (histo- = tissue; logy = study of) is the science that
deals with the study of tissues.
A pathologist is a physician who examines cells and tissues to
help other physicians make accurate diagnoses.
TISSUES
Human body is made up of four basic tissues:
epithelial tissue, connective tissue, muscular
tissue and nervous tissue.
Epithelial tissue:
Covers body surfaces and lines hollow organs, body cavities,
and ducts. It also forms glands. (Origin Ectoderm)
Connective tissue:
Protects and supports the body and its organs. Various types of
connective tissue bind organs together, store energy reserves as
fat, and help provide immunity to disease-causing organisms.
(Origin Mesoderm)
Muscular tissue:
Generates the physical force needed to make body structures
move and generates body heat.
Nervous tissue:
Detects changes in a variety of conditions inside and outside
the body and responds by generating action potentials (nerve
impulses) that activate muscular contractions and glandular
secretions. (Origin Ectoderm)
TISSUES
Epithelial tissue Connective tissue Muscular tissue Nervous tissue
Cells i.
A.Simple epithelium a. i. Fibroblasts i. Central
i. Squamous ii. Fibrocytes Skeletal nervous
ii. Cuboidal b. Adipose /fat cells muscles system
iii. Columnar c. Plasma cells ii. ii. Peripher
iv. Pseudostratified d. Mast cells Smooth al
e. Macrophages muscles iii. nervous
f. Leucocytes iii. Cardiac system
g. Pigment cells muscles Autonomic
B. Stratified nervous
h. Mesenchymal
epithelium system
cells
i. Transition
Fibres
al
i. Collagen
ii. Stratified
fibres
squamous non-
ii. Elastic
keratinized
fibres
iii.
iii. Reticular
Stratified
fibres
squamous
EPITHELIAL TISSUE
• Consists of cells arranged in continuous sheets, in
either single or multiple layers.
• The cells are closely packed and are held tightly
together by many cell junctions, there is little
intercellular space between adjacent plasma
membranes.
• Epithelial tissue forms coverings and linings
throughout the body. It is never covered by
another tissue, so it always has a free surface.
Apical (free) Lateral surfaces
surface
Epithelium
Basal surface
Nerve
Blood vessel
Basal
lamina Basement
Reticular membrane
lamina
Connective
tissue
By Gladys Stephen M.Pharm
EPITHELIAL TISSUE
Epithelial tissue lines the external & internal
surfaces of our body. It can be ectodermal,
mesodermal and endodermal in origin.
Function:
i. Protection-Selective barriers that limit or aid the transfer of
substances into and out of the body;
Protective surfaces that resist the abrasive influences of the
environment.
ii. Secretion- Secretory surfaces that release products produced
by the cells onto their free surfaces;
iii. Absorption
FUNCTIONS OF EPITHELIAL TISSUE
Covering and Lining Epithelium
Classified according to two characteristics:
arrangement of cells into layers
shapes of the cells
Arrangement of cells into layers
Simple epithelium
Pseudostratified epithelium
Stratified epithelium
Based on the shapes of the cells
Squamous cells
Cuboidal cells
Columnar cells
Transitional cells
Epithelial Tissue can further classified as;
A. Simple epithelium
B. Compound epithelium
A. Simple Epithelium
• Its made of a single layers of cell
• Its subdivided into 4 types
i. Squamous epithelium
ii. Cuboidal epithelium
iii. Columnar epithelium
iv. Ciliated epithelium
An epithelium is called as simple when all
the cells rest on the basement membrane.
Types of covering and lining epithelia are as follows:
I. Simple epithelium
A. Simple squamous epithelium
B. Simple cuboidal epithelium
C. Simple columnar epithelium (nonciliated and ciliated)
D. Pseudostratified columnar epithelium (nonciliated
and ciliated)
II. Stratified epithelium
A. Stratified squamous epithelium (keratinized and
nonkeratinized)*
B. Stratified cuboidal epithelium*
C. Stratified columnar epithelium*
D. Transitional epithelium
i. Squamous epithelium- is one in which cells are
flattened with nuclei raising a bulge in the cell. It allows
rapid exchange of substances through it. e.g. epithelial
lining of alveloi .
I. Squamous epithelium
The squamous epithelium is composed of epithelial cells that are
particularly flat, cells are wider than tall, and appear polygonal when
viewed atop. It gives a smooth, low-friction surface, which allows easy
movement of fluids over it.
ii. Cuboidal epithelium- is one in which cells are
like a square where height of the cell is equal to
the width of the cell. The nucleus is central and
round. Its main function is absorption and
secretion e.g. epithelial lining of follicles of thyroid
gland.
II. Cuboidal epithelium
This type of epithelium consists of a single layer of cuboidal (cube-like)
cells which have large, spherical and central nuclei.
iii. Columnar epithelium- is the one wherein the
height of the cells is greater than the width of the
cells. The nuclei is basal and vertically elongated.
Functions of a columnar cell are protection,
secretion and absorption. e.g. epithelial lining
of fallopian tubes.
Cilia
Single layer of column of
rectangular cells
Basement membrane
III. Columnar epithelium
The columnar epithelium is composed of epithelial cells that are
column-shaped. The cell comprising the columnar epithelium is taller
than it is wide. Its height is approximately four times its width.
IV. Ciliated Columnar epithelium
Ciliated epithelium is a thin tissue that has hair-like structures on it. These
hairs, called cilia, move back and forth to help move particles out of our
body. We find ciliated epithelial tissue in our respiratory tract and in the
fallopian tubes of women.
Nonciliated Simple Columnar Epithelium
Description:
Single layer of nonciliated column-like cells with
nuclei near base of cells; contains goblet cells and
cells with microvilli in some locations.
Location:
Lines the gastrointestinal tract (from the stomach to
the anus), ducts of many glands, and gallbladder.
Function:
Secretion and absorption.
Nonciliated
simple
Small
columnar
intestine
epithelium
Sectional view of nonciliated simple columnar
epithelium of lining of jejunum of small intestine
Mucus in
goblet cell
Nonciliated simple
Columnar epithelium
Nucleus of
goblet cell
Basement
membrane
By Gladys Stephen M.Pharm
d) Pseudostratified columnar epithelium:
Description: Not a true stratified tissue; nuclei of cells are at different
levels; all cells are attached to basement membrane,
but not all reach the apical surface.
Location: Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium lines the airways
of most of upper respiratory tract; pseudostratified non-ciliated columnar
epithelium lines larger ducts of many glands, epididymis, and part of male
urethra. Function: Secretion and movement of mucus by ciliary action.
Pseudostratified
Epithelial layer
Trachea
cilia
Photomicrograph: pseudostratified
columnar epithelium lining the human trachea (570x).
a) Stratified squamous epithelium:
Description: Several layers of cells; cuboidal to columnar shape in deep layers;
squamous cells form the apical layer and
several layers deep to it; cells from the basal layer replace surface cells as they are
lost.
Location: Keratinized variety forms superficial layer of skin; non-keratinized
variety lines wet surfaces, such as lining of the
mouth, esophagus, part of larynx, part of pharynx, and vagina, and covers the
tongue.
Function: Protects underlying tissues in areas subjected to abrasion
Mouth, part of larynx,
pharynx
Photomicrograph: Stratified squamous epithelium
lining the esophagus (285x).
Stratified
squamous
epithelium
Stratified
squamous
epithelium
b) Stratified cuboidal epithelium (Rare)
Description: Two or more layers of cells in which the cells
in the apical layer are cube-shaped.
Location: Ducts of adult sweat glands, salivary gland,
mammary gland and part of male urethra.
Function: Protection and limited secretion and absorption.
salivary gland
Stratified cuboidal
epithelium
Photomicrograph: Stratified cuboidal epithelium
Forming salivary gland duct
c) Stratified columnar epithelium (Rare)
Description: Several layers of irregularly shaped cells; only
the apical layer has columnar cells.
Location: Lines part of urethra, large excretory ducts of some
glands, such as esophageal glands, small areas in anal
mucous membrane, and part of the conjunctiva of the eye.
Function: Protection and secretion
male urethra
Stratified columnar
epithelium
Photomicrograph: Stratified columnar epithelium
Lining male urethra
II. Transitional epithelium
Its composed of multi layers of cells (4 to 6 layers)
These cells are called transitional because they can undergo a
change in their shape and structure
Also called urothelium because it lines urinary ducts, urethra,
urinary bladder and renal calyxes
Its variable in appearance
In relaxed state its looks like stratified cuboidal epithelium, while
when stretched the cells become squamous shaped.
Location:
• Found urinary ducts, urethra, urinary bladder and renal calyxes
Umbrella cells
Polyhedral Cells /
Intermediate cells
Columnar /
Cuboidal cells
CONNECTIVE TISSUE
Most abundant and widely distributed tissues in the body.
has a variety of functions.
• It binds together, supports, and strengthens other
body tissues;
• protects and insulates internal organs;
• compartmentalizes structures such as skeletal
muscles;
• serves as the major transport system within the body
(blood, a fluid connective tissue);
• is the primary location of stored energy reserves
(adipose, or fat, tissue); and
• is the main source of immune responses.
Fibers can be collagenous, which bind bones to tissues;
Elastic fiber, which allow organs like the lungs to move;
or reticular fiber, which provide physical support to cells.
• Connective tissue also allows oxygen to diffuse from
blood vessels into cells.
• About 1 in 10 people are have a disorder involving
connective tissue.
• Some connective tissue disorders include sarcomas,
Marfan syndrome, lupus, and scurvy, which is a
Vitamin C deficiency that leads to fragile connective
tissue.
General Features of Connective Tissue
Consists of two basic elements:
Extracellular matrix and cells
• Extracellular matrix is the material located between its
widely spaced cells.
• It consists of protein fibers and ground substance, the
material between the cells and the fibers.
• It is secreted by the connective tissue cells and
determines the tissue’s qualities.
• E.g. in cartilage, the extracellular matrix is firm but
pliable. But the extracellular matrix of bone, by contrast,
is hard and inflexible.
• Do not usually occur on body surfaces, are highly
vascular.
Connective Tissue Cells
The types of connective tissue cells are
Fibroblasts
Adipocytes
Mast cells
White blood cells
Macrophages
Plasma cells
By Gladys Stephen M.Pharm
CELLS
a. i. Fibroblasts- the cells which synthesize collagen
fibres, elastic fibres and lays down matrix are
know as fibroblasts.
ii. Fibrocytes- when the fibroblasts mature they are
known as fibrocytes.
b. Adipose / fat cells- they are rounded cells but
they are usually present in group, they get mutually
compressed so may have variable shape. They have
fat globule in their cytoplasm which pushes the
nucleus to periphery giving the cell signet ring
appearance. Their function is to store fat in their
cytoplasm.
c. Plasma cells- rounded to ovoid basophilic cells
with cart wheel nucleus. They are rich in rER. Their
function is to synthesize immunoglobulins.
FAT CELLS
PLASMA CELLS
CART WHEEL
NUCLEUS
PLASMA
CELLS
d.Mast cells- they are involved in
inflammatory reactions.
e.Macrophages- their function is to engulf
various foreign particles.
f.Leucocytes- White Blood Cells are known
as leucocytes. They are neutrophils,
lymphocytes, eosinophils, basophils and
monocytes. They have defensive action.
g.Pigment cells- import brown color to the skin
when they are present in epidermis. Their presence
offers protection against ultraviolet rays of the sunlight.
h.Mesenchymal cells- are undifferentiated cells.
They can differentiate into a variety of cell types.
FIBRES
a. Collagen fibres- they are flexible but offer great
tensile strength. They found in tendons,
ligaments and all kinds connective tissues.
b. Elastic fibres- they can stretch and then come back
to their normal size when stretching force
is relieved. They are found in ligamentum
nuchae, ligamentum flava and in the wall of
large arteries.
c. Reticular fibres- they are special type of collagen
fibres and can be seen only by special stain.
They are seen in the connective tissue
framework of spleen, liver lymph nodes.
Connective tissue can be :
A. General connective tissue:
a. Loose connective tissue
b. Dense connective tissue
c. Mucoid tissue
d. Adipose tissue
B. Specialized connective tissue: this comprises of
bones, cartilages an hemolymphoid tissue.
e. Cartilage – Hyaline cartilage, elastic cartilage,
fibrocartilage
f. Bone- made up of organic & inorganic
substances.
g. Hemolymphoid tissue- blood & lymphatics fall in this
MUSCULAR TISSUE
There are three types of muscles namely-
a. Skeletal muscle- they help in locomotion e.g.
biceps femoris.
b. Smooth muscles- they are present in the viscera
of our body e.g. muscle in the wall of stomach.
c. Cardiac muscle- it is seen only in the heart.
Contraction of this muscle helps in pumping
of blood throughout our body.
NERVOUS TISSUE
It consists of central nervous system, peripheral
nervous system and autonomic nervous system. It
helps in sending different kinds of information to
brain and bringing its responses back from brain to
the effector organ.
