Society, Law and

Ethics
 Few Important terms
• Online fraud- fraud committed using the internet. e.g. identity theft, fraudulent
payment etc
• Scam-any fraudulent business practice that extracts money from an unsuspecting
,ignorant person
• Digital / Computer forensics- it refers to methods used for interpretation of
computer media for digital evidence.
• Secure data transmission- it means applying enough technical safeguards so that
data travels safely to its target, without being compromised or eavesdropped.
• Eavesdropping- is the act of secretly or stealthily listening to the private
conversation or communications of others without their consent in order to
gather information.
 Introduction
We are living in the Information Age, where technology plays a big role in our daily lives.
Whether it's making online payments, creating art, writing articles, or taking photos,
technology is everywhere. This has changed the way we live and work, but it has also
brought new challenges. These challenges include issues about society, ethics, and law. In
this chapter, we will discuss important topics like intellectual property rights, plagiarism,
cybercrime, cyberlaw, and managing e-waste.
 Ethical
Issues
• Ethical issues are problems or situations where you need to decide
what is right or wrong.

• Some common ethical issues are:

• Intellectual property rights.
• Plagiarism
• Digital property rights (DPR)
 Intellectual Property Rights(IPR)
• These are the rights of the owner of information to decide how
much information is to be exchanged , shared or distributed.
• It gives the owner a right to decide the price for exchanging
/sharing/distributing .
 Intellectual Property Rights(IPR)
Examples of intellectual property (IP) include:

[Link]: New ideas for products or ways to do something (like a new machine or a
special process).

[Link]: Unique looks or shapes of things (like the design of a car or furniture).

[Link] Work: Written or artistic creations (like books, songs, paintings, or movies).

[Link]: Special words, symbols, or logos that represent a brand or company (like
a brand name or logo on a product).
These are ideas or creations that belong to someone, just like physical property.
 KINDS OF IPR
•are:
Copyright (to protect literary and artistic work)
©
•Patent (to protect technologies)
•Trade (to protect words, signs, logos,etc)
Mark™
Why should an IP (Intellectual Property)be protected?

 IPis an assets and can be exploited by the

owner for commercial gains any manner
 IPowner may intend to stop others from and selling
manufacturing
products and services which are dully protected by him


 IP
IP owner
can be can
usedsell
to and/or license
establish the IP for
the goodwill commercial
and brand value ingains
the market.
 IP can be mention in resumes of it’s creator and thus show competence of
it’s creator
 IPR certificate establishes legal and valid ownership about an
intellectual property
 Copyright ©

• It is a legal term to describe the rights of the creator of an original creative work
such as literary work, artistic work, a design , song, movie or software etc.
• Original work of ownership such as books, articles, songs, photographs, sculptures
,
choreography, sound recordings, motion pictures and other works.
• A work must be original, creative and fixed in a tangible medium
• Terms of protection- author’s life +60 more years in India
 Patents
• It refers to a collection of exclusive rights given to the inventor for
their
invention.
• Inventions such as processes, machines, manufactures, composition
of matter as well as improvements to these.
• An invention must be new and useful.
• Terms of protection- 20 years
 Trademark ™
• These are some registered words, slogans, logos, shapes,colours and sound etc
used
to distinguish the goods or services of one trader from another.
• Any word,phrase,symbol, design that distinguishes the source of the goods of one
party from those of others.
• A mark must be distinctive – means must be capable of identifying the source of
a
particular good
• Terms of protection- For as long as the mark is used in commerce
 Violation of
IPR
• Violation of IPR is called IPR infringement.

THREE FORMS OF IPR INFRINGEMENT ARE:

(i) Plagiarism
(ii) Copyright infringement
(iii) Trademark Infringement
 Plagiarism

• “the act of presenting the words, ideas, images, sounds, or the creative
expression of others as it is your creation or your own.”
OR
• Plagiarism is stealing someone else’s intellectual work and
representing it as your own work without citing the source
of information.
So Plagiarism is -
• Plagiarism is stealing of intellectual property
• Plagiarism is cheating
• Plagiarism is an Academic offence
• Plagiarism is Academic theft!

Examples of plagiarism :
• Giving incorrect source of information-wrongful citation.
• Modifying / lifting someone’s production such as music-composition etc
without attributing it to the creator of the work.
• Using some other author’s work without giving credit to the author.
• Failure in giving credit or acknowledging the contribution of others in a
collaborative effort.
 Copyright
infringement
Copyright infringement refers to using copyrighted work without
the consent or permission of the copyright holder.
Examples of Copyright infringement :
• Selling pirated books
• Selling copied/duplicated art work
• Selling pirated software
• Online piracy and many other such acts
• Performing a play in public without obtaining permission from the
playright
 Trademark infringement
It is the unauthorized usage of a mark that is identical or
deceptively similar to a registered trademark

All types of IPR infringements are crimes and the owner can initiate a legal
action against the people/companies who do it.
 Digital Property Rights(Digital Assests)
It refers to any information about you or created by you that exists
in digital form or on an electronic storage device
Examples of Digital property include : Any online personal accounts
such as
• Email and communication accounts
• Social media accounts
• Shopping accounts
• Photo and video sharing accounts
• Video gaming accounts
• Online storage accounts , website, blogs etc
 Threats to Digital properties :
• Digital software penetration tools
• Stealing and plagiarizing codes of your digital properties

Digital Property Rights Protection

•Restrict /prevent users from editing / saving/sharing /forwarding our content.
•Restriction from printing. E.g. some document or artwork may only be printed up to a limited
number of times.
•Restriction of screenshots capture
•Set an expiry date on your document or media, after which the user will no longer be able to
access it or opening of any document for fixed limited times.
• Lock through ip address, means media accessible in India can’t be
accessed in any other country.
•Watermark artworks and documents in order to establish ownership and
identity.
BENEFITS OF DIGITAL RIGHTS MANAGEMENT

•It educates users about copyright and intellectual property.

• It helps make way for better licensing agreements
and technologies.
•It helps authors retain ownership of their works.
•It helps protect income streams.
•It help secure files and keep them private.
 Free Software and Open Source Software
• Free software- those software which are freely accessible and can be freely
used, changed, copied and distributed and available free of cost.
• Open source software(OSS)-source code is available for modification and
distribution without any limitation. OSS may come with free of cose ot
with a payment of nominal charges that its developers may charge.
• Freeware-these software are available free of cost and allows copying
and further [Link] modification allowed. No source code
available. Example: Microsoft internet explorer.
Example of Open source software
• As Operating system – linux,Ubuntu
• As dbms – mysql,mongodb
• As Programming language – java,php,python
• As internet browser/webserver –chromium, firefox/ apache
http server, apache tomcat
 Software
• Proprietary
s
software- those software which are neither open nor freely
available. Source code is not available. For distribution and modification special
permission required from the supplier or vendor. E.g. tally, MS windows
• Shareware-neither source code is available not available for modification and
distribution . Objective of this is to make the software available to try for as
many users as possible.e.g. winzip
• Copylefted software-these are free software but with limited distribution terms.
Copyleft is a subset of open source. with copyleft, the modified product must
be distributed with the same copyleft license attached to the original software.
• Both open source and copyleft allow for source code to be modified and
distributed.
 License
s
• CC Licenses (Creative Commons Licenses)-These give permission to copy,
the original works by attributing the creator of the work (download,upload,photocopy
modify,distribute
scan the work)
and
Disadvantage:
• We cannot revoke a Creative Commons License once given. Only subsequent
uses will not be permitted.
• if someone profits from our work (provided we have not given a
commercial license/ attribute license), we can’t ask Non-
for license fee compensation
or a
• The Copyright of derivative works can be ambiguous. If someone uses
your work to develop a new work and their ‘updated’ work is substantially
different, there is an argument that the initial Creative Commons License
no longer applies. So think first before attaching a Creative Commons
License to work.
 License
s
• GNU General Public License (GPL)-this is most commonly used licenses for
open source projects.
It allows users to legally copy,distribute and modify software to
developers who work on open source projects. Eg. Wordpress

Disadvantage:
• If GPL licensed product is used in any commercial product then the entire
product has to be released as open source. Most of the companies set a ban
to use GPL product.
• Lots of people aren't aware of the stringent terms of GPL.
• Its extremely viral. If your project contains a component that contains
a component then whole project is subject to the GPL too.
 License
s of rights related to copyrights and patents.
• Apache License- This gives number

Main Features of The Apache License

• copy, modify and distribute the covered software in source and/or
binary forms exercise patent rights that would normally only
extend to the licensor provided that:
• all copies, modified or unmodified, are accompanied by a copy of the
license
• all modifications are clearly marked as being the work of the modifier
• All notices of copyright, trademark andpatent rights are
reproduced
accurately in distributed copies
Public Domain Software VS Proprietary
Software
Public Domain Software-
• These are free and can be used without
restrictions.
•This is outside the scope of copyright and
licensing. Proprietary Software-
• these are neither free nor available for public.
• User has to buy the license in order to use it
Technology and Society: Impact of ICT
The Role of ICT in Society:

• ICTs are general-purpose technologies that influence all sectors of society and the
economy.

• Key Capabilities:
• Greater efficiency in processes.
• Enhanced cooperation between stakeholders.
• Increased access to information.
• Impact on economies, societies, and culture.
Economic Impacts of ICT:
Globalisation of production in goods and services.
• Changes in international trade and distribution.
• New consumption patterns and virtual products.
• Importance of ICT in global and national economies.

Social Impacts of ICT:

 Access to a wide range of information resources.
 Enhanced freedom of expression and association.
 New work patterns and settlement changes.
 Challenges to traditional privacy and individuality.
Economic Benefits of ICT:
1. Secure Transactions:
•Faster and safer fund transfers locally and globally.
2. Ease and Availability:
•24/7 banking with ATMs and Internet banking.
•Bill payments made easier.
3. Net Banking:
•Payments and purchases from home or office.
•Ensures timely availability of funds.
4. Global Market Access:
•Small businesses can reach international buyers.
•Buyers can explore global markets via the Internet.
 E-waste management
Electronic Waste or E-waste or E-scrap or Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment-
these are discarded computers, office electronic equipment,entertainment device
electronics, mobile phones,tv sets,refrigerators etc.
Characteristics of E-waste-
• Fastest growing segment of waste
• Most valuable due to its basic composition
• Very hazardous if not handled carefully
 E-waste
management
Electronic Waste or E-waste Disposal Process –
• Dismantling
• Segregation of ferrous metal, non-ferrous metal and
plastic
• Refurbishment and resue
• Recycling /recovery of valuable materials
• Treatment/disposal of dangerous material and waste
 E-waste
management
Benefits of E-waste Recycling–
• Allows for recovery of valuable precious metals.
• Protects public health and water quality
• Creates jobs
• Toxic waste
• Saves landfill space
Gender Issues while Teaching /using
Computers

Gender specific issues must be addressed to enforce gender equality in

computer science education.
Some issues are:
1. Under representation-
(i) preconceived notions
(ii)lack of interest
(iii)lack of motivation
(iv)lack of role models
(v) lack of encouragement in
class
2. Not Girl-Friendly Work Culture
Solutions of Gender Issues:
[Link] should be more initiatives and programmes that encourage girl to take
upcomputer science subject-
[Link] film and TV censor board should ensure fair representation of female
role models in TV,cinema etc so that more girls get encouraged to take up ‘
computer science’.
3. In the practical rooms, girls should be encouraged more to work on
computers
on their own and also to find solutions of their routine problems.
Disability Types in Computer Education
Types of Disabilities in Students:
• Locomotor Disabilities:
o Severe deformities, polio, cerebral palsy.

• Hearing and Speech Disabilities:

o Hearing impairment, speech aphasia.

• Cognitive Impairments:
o Dyslexia, Dyscalculia, Down Syndrome, Autism.

• Vision Impairments:
o Low vision, blindness.
Issues in Teaching and Using Computers
Key Issues Faced by Students with Disabilities
 Unavailability of Teaching Materials/Aids:
 Lack of screen readers for visually challenged students.
 Absence of visual inputs or sign language for hearing-impaired
students.
 Difficulty accessing virtual keyboards for locomotor disabilities.
 Need for Braille keyboards, monitors, and printers for low-vision
students.
Issues in Teaching and Using Computers (Contd.)

More Issues in Accessibility

 Lack of Special Needs Teachers:
 Shortage of teachers trained in:
o Sign language for hearing-impaired students.
o Use of assistive technologies (e.g., Braille devices, speech
generators).
o Limited knowledge of accessibility tools like:
o Microsoft Narrator, Ubuntu Orca, BLinux.

 Lack of Supporting Curriculum:

o Curriculum not designed for inclusivity.
o Inaccessibility of tools like Scratch for programming.
o Need for alternatives with strong accessibility features.
Solutions for Disability Issues
Possible Solutions for Inclusive Education
1. Providing Teaching Aids and Materials:
o Budget allocation for assistive technologies (screen readers, Braille
devices, virtual keyboards).
2. Hiring and Training Teachers:
o Employing special needs teachers.
o Training existing staff in inclusive teaching methods.
3. Inclusive Curriculum Design:
o Incorporate accessible tools and languages (Python with specialized
editors).
o Ensure programming contests are inclusive for all students.
Assistive Technologies and Tools
Tools and Technologies for Inclusion
 Hardware:
 Braille keyboards, monitors, printers.
 Special joysticks for locomotor disabilities.
 Software:
 Screen readers (Microsoft Narrator, Orca).
 Office tools with accessibility features (Microsoft Office,
LibreOffice).
 Specialized editors for visually impaired students.
THANK YOU