Allergic Reactions
to Drugs
Presented By:
Raihana Habib Auroni -1411481046
Nabonita Dey -1510124046
Umama Khanom - 1230068046
Parbon Mehmud Pantho -1410931046
Aditi Saha - 1512506646
Introduction
Drug allergies can be defined
as an adverse reaction to a
drug by a specific immune
response either directly to the
drug or one or more of its
metabolites alone, or to a drug
bound to a body protein such
as albumin, (Hapten). Haptens
are small molecules that elicit
an immune response only
Reasons Behind This
These allergic reactions usually occur when our
body’s immune system becomes sensitized to a
substance in the medication, perceives it as a
foreign invader and releases chemicals to
defend against it.
Allmedications have the potential to cause side
effects, but only about 5 to 10% of the adverse
reactions to drugs are allergic. The chances of
developing an allergy are higher when someone
take the medication frequently or when it is
rubbed on the skin or given by injection, rather
than taken by mouth.
Types of Allergic Drug Reactions
Types Alternative Mediators Description
Names
I Allergy IgE Drug-IgE complex binding to
(immediate) mast cells with release of
histamine & other inflammatory
mediators
II Cytotoxic IgM or IgG Specific IgG or IgM antibodies
directed at drug-hapten coated
cells
III Immune IgG Antibody (IgG) binds to the drug,
complex disease (Complement) forming a circulating immune
Neutrophils complex. giving rise to an
inflammatory response and
attraction of leukocytes
IV Delayed-type T-cells MHC (major histocompatibility
hypersensitivity, complex ) presentation of drug
cell-mediated molecules to T cells with cytokine
immune and inflammatory mediator
Histamine & Other Mast Cell
Mediators
Inside the mast cell, histamines & other mast cell mediators are
packaged
With the initial contact with the allergens, the (IgE) antibodies are
synthesized by the
B- Lymphocytes & are released
& bind to the IgE receptors on the Mast Cells known as Mast Cell
Sensitization
Subsequent contact with the allergens then opens the Ca ++ channel
++
Histamine & Other Mast Cell
Mediators
Then the vesicles containing Histamine fuse with the plasma membrane
& Histamine is released from the Mast Cells
When this histamine binds to-
the H receptor located on the smooth muscle cell of the bronchial
1
airway ,it acts by activating the Phospholipase C & causes broncho
constriction which leads to asthma.
the H receptors on the endothelial cells of blood vessels, it increases the
1
gap between the endothelial cell & increase vascular permeability leading
to redness.
the H receptors on the sensory nerve endings ,it causes allergies &
1
itching.
the H receptors on the vascular smooth muscle cell, it acts by activating
2
the Adenylyl Cyclase & causes vasodilation.
Symptoms
If someone is allergic to a particular drug, they may
experience some of the following symptoms:
Skin rash
Hives
Itchy skin
Difficulty breathing
Hive Swelli
Swelling s ng
Light headedness, dizziness, loss of consciousness.
Diagnosis
1. Skin test
2. Blood test
3. Provocation test
Treatment & Management
Antihistamines :
to relieve or prevent symptoms of allergic
rhinitis (hay fever)
to treat chronic urticaria (hives)
Epinephrine:
Epinephrine is an injection-based medication
used to treat life-threatening allergic reactions
called anaphylaxis.
Epinephrine typically comes as a single-dose
pre-filled automatic injection device to be
Corticosteroids
Corticosteroids are medications used to treat asthma
and some allergic conditions such as skin allergy.
These corticosteroids are not the same steroids used
by athletes.
Depending upon the severity of your asthma, your
physician may combine an inhaled corticosteroid with
a long-acting beta-2 agonist to treat your condition.
Oral and intravenous corticosteroids may be required
for acute asthma flare-ups or for severe symptoms.
Commonly Inhaled Corticosteroids
Beclomethasone
Budesonide
Ciclesonide
Flunisolide
Fluticasone
Mometasone
Quick-relief or rescue medications are used to quickly
relax and open the airways and relieve symptoms during
an asthma flare-up, or are taken before exercising if
prescribed.
These include: short-acting beta-agonists.
These inhaled bronchodilator medications include:
albuterol, levalbuterol and pirbuterol.
Oral and intravenous corticosteroids may be required for
acute asthma flare-ups or for severe symptoms.
Examples include prednisone and methylprednisolone.
Topical corticosteroid medications are used to treat
allergic conditions such as atopic dermatitis (eczema)
Measures
immediate discontinuation of the anticonvulsant or
other offending drug
desensitization procedure to the medication
Amoxicillin
Anaphylaxi
Mild
Red,
itchy, Severe
Vision s
Throat
flaky, or problems, tightness,
swollen skin and severe trouble
Flat, red area swelling or breathing,
Small bumps, itching tingling,
hives Toxic dizziness,
epidermal and
necrolysis wheezing
Drugs that cause
allergic reaction
Rash
Hives
Itching
Rash. Red, Swollen,
Itching. Blistered, Or
Hypersensitivi Sore Peeling Skin
throat. With Or Without
ty Fever or
fever Wheezing
chills. Swelling Of The
Mouth, Face,
Lips, Tongue, Or
Drugs that cause allergic reaction
An allergic reaction
to this drug is
unlikely, some
Hives
allergic reaction
include: Difficulty breathing
Rash, Swelling of your face,
Itching, lips, tongue, or throat.
Swelling,
Drugs that cause allergic reaction
Insulins had allergic reactions –
thought to be caused by the insulin
molecule as well as the preservatives
or the agents used to slow down the
Dry, cracked, or action of insulin, such as zinc.
Localised allergic reactions: Rashes
swollen skin
Mild itching or rash at the injection site
Systemic reactions: Affect the
whole body and these are classed
as very rare and can occur at the
Drugs that cause allergic reaction
Antiseizur
Antibiotics Analgesic
e
• Penicillin • Phenytoin
• Codeine
• Sulfa Drug • Carbamazepi
• NSAID
• Tetracycline ne
References
[Link]
S0954611111003325
[Link]
10.1186/ar1017
[Link]
[Link]
patients-difference
[Link]
drug-allergy
[Link]
