Types of Buildings

Based on
1. Occupancy
2. Fire resisting capacity
3. Height of building
4. Mode of load transfer
5. Type of material used for
construction
 1. Based on
Occupancy
 According to National Building Code (NBC), buildings are
classified as:
 Group A:Residential Building
 Group B:Educational
 Group C :Institutional
 Group D:Assembly
 Group E:Business
 Group F:Mercantile
 Group G:Industrial
 Group H:Storage
 Group J:Hazardous
 1. Based on
Occupancy
• Group A:Residential Building
 These shall include any building in which accommodation
sleeping is
provided for normal residential purposes with or without cooking or
dining
 Buildings and structures under Group A shall be further sub-
divided as
Lodging or rooming houses, One or two-family private
dwellings, Dormitories ,Apartment houses (flats) and Hotels.
• Group B:Educational Building
 Any building used for school, college, other training institutions
for day-care
purposes for more than 8 hours per week involving assembly for

instruction, education or recreation

 1. Based on
Occupancy
• Group C :Institutional Building
 Any building or part thereof, which is used for purposes, such as
medical or other treatment or care of persons suffering from physical
or mental illness, disease.
 Buildings and structures under Group C shall be further sub-divided as
Hospitals
and sanatoria ,Custodial institutions and Penal and mental institutions
• Group D:Assembly Building
 Any building or part of a building, where number of persons not
less than 50
congregate or gather for amusement, recreation, social, religious,
patriotic, civil,
travel and similar purposes
 Eg: theatres, assembly halls,, exhibition halls, museums,
 1. Based on
Occupancy
• Group E:Business Building
 Any building or part of a building which is used for transaction of
business for keeping of accounts and records and similar
purposes
 Eg: Offices, banks, professional establishments
of doctors, lawyers and
police stations, libraries
• Group F:Mercantile Building
 Any building or part of a building, which is used as shops, stores,
market,
for display and sale of merchandise, either wholesale or retail.
 1. Based on
Occupancy
• Group G:Industrial Building
 Any building or part of a building or structure, in which products
or materials
of all kinds and properties are fabricated,
assembled, manufactured or processed,
 Eg: assembly plants, industrial laboratories, dry cleaning plants,
power plants
• Group H:Storage Building
of goods, ware or merchandise (except those that highl
 Any building or part of a building used primarily for the storage or
involve combustible or explosive products or materials) y
sheltering
vehicles or animal
 Eg: warehouses, cold storage, transit sheds, storehouses
 1. Based on
Occupancy
• Group J:Hazardous Building
 Any building or part of a building which is used for the storage,
handling,
manufacture or processing of highly combustible or explosive
materials or products which are liable to burn
 Based on Fire resistant capacity
1. Type 1 construction: fire proof constructions in
which allthe structural
components are incombustible and should be fire resistant for 4
hours.
2. Type 2 construction: fire proof constructions in
which all the structural components are
incombustible and should be fire resistant for 3 hours.

3. Type 3 construction: external portion are incombustible and inner

portions
are combustible and fire resistant for 2 hour.
4. Type 4 construction: exterior walls and floor constructions are of
combustible
materials and fire resistant for 1 hour.
 Based on Height of building
 High rise building : height >
15 m
 Low rise building: height <
15 m
 Based on Load transfer

1. Load bearing masonry building : load of building from the floors

are transferred through masonry wall to foundation.
2. Framed building : frame work of beams and columns transfer the
load to the
foundation.
 Based on Type of Materials Used
 Earthen
building
 Thatched
building
 Masonry
building
 Steel building
 Wooden
building
 RCC building
 Components of A Residential
Building
Sub structure
or foundati Portion of building below ground
• Transfers
on level
the load of super structure to
the soil

part of the building above ground level and

Plint up to the
h
• Transfer floorsuperstructure
load from level immediately above the ground
to sub
structure

Component of building which is constructed

Super above
• structure
Includes walls ,the plinth
floors, level
doors and
windows etc
Components of Residential Building
 Components of Residential Building

Walls and Piers:

• The main function of the wall is to divide the space into

different rooms.

• Walls support the loads from the roof, upper floor to the
foundation.

• Piers or pillars are thickened sections of the wall placed at

intervals to carry the concentrated loads.

• Walls are built with bricks, stones or with concrete.

 Components of Residential Building

Floors :

• Floors are provided to divide a building into different stories

for creating accommodation one above the other.
• The main function of the floor is to give support to occupants,
furniture's and equipment of a building.
• The floor should be strong enough to carry the loads (self
weight and imposed loads)
• The floor should provide a clean, smooth, impervious,
durable and weather resistant
• It should have adequate resistance against fire
• Walls should have sufficient heat and sound insulation
 Components of Residential Building

Steps and Stairs

• Steps and stairs are provided for access to the building or to the
other floors of the building.
Doors and Windows
• Doors are provided to give access to outside of the building as
well as to
connect inner rooms of the building
• Window is an opening provided for ventilation and natural light
 Components of Residential Building

Requirement of Doors and Windows

• Doors and windows should be weather resistant
• It should have adequate resistance against fire
• It should have sufficient heat and sound insulation
• Doors and windows should provide sufficient privacy and
security against
burglary
 Components of Residential Building

Beams and Lintels

• Beam is a horizontal structural member, which carries floor slab
or roof.
• Lintel is a beam that support the masonry work over the opening
in the wall
Sunshade
• It is a projection provided outside a building above doors and
windows to
prevent direct sunlight and rain to the rooms

Roof
• Roof is a cover for the building, to protect it from rain, wind,
snow, sunlight etc.
 Components of Residential Building

Requirements of Roof

Roof should be strong, stable and weather resistant

It should have adequate resistance against fire

It should have sufficient heat and sound insulation

Parapet
• A short masonry wall built on top of the roof of a building is
called parapet.
• It serves as an enclosure above the roof and as an element for
good
appearance
 Components of Residential Building

Weathering Course
It is a layer provided over the roof slab to protect the roof from
weathering
agencies like sunlight, rain and wind

Finishes for Wall

• Finishes for wall are pointing, plastering, painting,
distempering etc..
• These finishes protect walls from effect of weather
• It covers the defective materials or poor workmanship to
some extent
• It improve the aesthetic appearance of the building
 Building area
 Plinth area:
 Plinth area is the covered built-up
area
measured at the floor level of any
storey or at the floor level of the
basement.
 Plinth area is also called as built-up
area
 The entire area occupied by the
building
including internal and external
walls.
 Plinth area is generally 10-20%
more than carpet area.
 does not include the area of open
 Building area
 Built – up area:
 Total area covered by
the
building at all floor
levels
 It includes
area of
mezzanine floor,
galleries,
barsati and pent
house at
terrace level.
 Building area
 Floor area:
 the built up area in all floors including basement floor. OR
 Total area of floor between walls and consists of all
rooms,
verandah,passages,corridor,staircase room, entrancehall,
kitchen, bath and latrines etc
 Sill of doors and windows are not included in floor area
𝐹𝑙𝑜𝑜𝑟 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 = 𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑡ℎ 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 − 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑐𝑐𝑢𝑝𝑖𝑒𝑑 𝑏𝑦 𝑤𝑎𝑙𝑙
 Building area
 Carpet area or liveable area or useful area or lettable area
 Carpet Area' means the usable floor area excluding the area of
staircases, lift
wells, escalators, ducts, toilets, air condition plant room and electrical
room.
 For calculating carpet area, twenty percent of the floor area shall be
deducted
from the total floor area in each floor.[in the absence of sufficient
data]
𝐶𝑎𝑟𝑝𝑒𝑡 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎
= 𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑜𝑟 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎
— [𝑐𝑖𝑟𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎, 𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑎ℎ, 𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑖𝑑𝑜𝑟, 𝑝𝑎𝑠𝑠𝑎𝑔𝑒𝑠, 𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑖𝑟𝑐𝑎𝑠𝑒, 𝑙𝑖𝑓𝑡,
𝑠𝑎𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑎𝑟𝑦 𝑎𝑐𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑜𝑑𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
 Building area
 Floor area ratio[FAR]
 The quotient obtained by dividing the total floor area on all floors
by the plot

𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙
area.
𝐹𝐴 𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑜𝑟 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎
𝑝𝑙𝑜𝑡
𝑅
𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎
=
It is similar to Floor Space
index
BRICKS
Brick is the commonly used building material in
India.
It is light, easily available, uniform shape and
size , and relatively cheaper
Bricks are easily moulded from plastic clays,
also known as brick clay or brick earth.
Classification of Bricks
Bricks are broadly classified as
unburnt (or) sun-dried bricks and
burnt bricks.
Unburnt bricks are dried with the help
of heat received from sun after
moulding, can be used only for
temporary and cheap construction.
These are also called sun-dried
bricks.
The bricks used in construction works
are burnt bricks and they are
classified into the following four
categories.

First class bricks: These bricks are

table moulded and edges are sharp,
square, smooth and straight.
These
Secondbricks
class are used
bricks: for superior
These
works.
ground
b r i c k moulded.
M a r s a r e The surfaces are not
Ath an asius co lle ge of
Third class bricks: These bricks are ground moulded; they have rough
surfaces with irregular and distorted edges. They are not hard and are used
for unimportant and temporary constructions.

Fourth class bricks: These are over burnt bricks, dark in colour and irregular.
These are used as aggregates for concrete in foundation, floors, roads etc.
Size and Weight of Bricks
190 mm x 90 mm x 90 mm. (Standard size)
With mortar thickness, 190 mm x 90 mm x 90 mm brick becomes 200mm
x 100mm x 100mm and is known as the nominal size of the modular
brick.
The average weight of a brick is about 3 to 3.5kg.
 Properties and
S p e c if i c a t i o n s
Bricks are g en era y l s u be j ct e d to th e following tests
to find out their suitability for construction work.

1. Compressive strength
2. Water Absorption
3. Hardness
4. Shape and size
5. Efflorescence
6. Soundness
7. Warpage
 Qualities of Good Bricks
The bricks should be table moulded, and well burnt in kilns.

Bricks should be copper coloured with sharp and square

edges.

Bricks should be of standard size and shape.

Brick should give a clear metallic ringing sound when

struck with each other.

The bricks, when broken should show a bright

homogeneous and compact structure.
 Qualities of Good Bricks

The bricks should be sufficiently hard.

The bricks should not break into pieces when dropped

flat on hard ground from a height of about 1 m.

The bricks should have low thermal conductivity.

Crushing strength of brick should not be below

10.5 N/mm2.

Bricks should be sound

Bricks when soaked in water for 24 hours, should not

show deposits of salts when allowed to dry in
shade.
 Steel

Based on carbon content in iron it

can be classified into 3

a) Wrought iron : carbon content

less than 0.15%
b) Steel : carbon content between
0.15% and 1.5 %
c) Pig iron : carbon content exceeds
0.15% upto 4 %

Steel is derived from pig iron

by reducing the carbon content
Foundation

A foundation is the lower portion of building

structure that transfers its gravity loads to the earth

The soil /rock on which the foundation rests is

called natural foundation or foundation bed and it
ultimately bears the load of the structure.

The structural foundation or simply, foundation is

therefore the connecting link between the
superstructure and the natural foundation (soil).
Objectives/ Functions of Foundation

The objectives of providing foundations are;

• To distribute the total load of the superstructure on a larger

area without causing failure of the soil.

• To prevent excessive settlement of the building.

• To provide stability to the structure against various disturbing

forces such as wind, rain, earthquake etc.

• To provide a level and firm surface for the construction of the

super structure
Foundations design parameters

i. Bearing capacity of soil

ii. Settlement of foundations

Bearing capacity
The supporting capacity of a soil or rock bed is defined as its bearing capacity.
The foundation of any structure transmits the load of the structure to the soil
underneath and hence it is highly important to know the strength and behavior
of the soil.
 Bearing capacity
Ultimate bearing capacity
Ultimate bearing capacity may be defined as the
maximum intensity of pressure (maximum load per unit
area) which a foundation soil can withstand without
the occurrence of failure or excessive settlement.
Safe bearing capacity
It is the maximum intensity of pressure that can be
transmitted to the soil without the risk of failure. Safe
bearing capacity is obtained by dividing ultimate
bearing capacity of soil by a suitable factor of safety.
Safe bearing capacity = Ultimate bearing
capacity/Factor of safety
Types of Foundations

Foundations can be broadly classified into shallow foundation and deep

foundation.

A foundation is considered to be shallow if its

depth is less than or equal to its width (D/B <
1). In the case of deep foundation, depth is
greater than its width
(D/B >1).
Shallow foundation

Common types of shallow foundations are

i) Wall or strip footing
ii) Isolated footing
iii) Combined footing
Cantilever footing (Strap footing)
iv) Raft or mat foundation
v)
Wall or strip footing

The footing which is provided under

a wall throughout its length is
known as wall footing or strip
footing.

This can be either simple or stepped.

Width of footing is obtained by

dividing the load per metre length
by allowable bearing pressure of
the soil.
Isolated footing

Isolated footings are footings

provided under columns.

It can be square, rectangular

or circular in shape.

Simple footing may be

adopted for lighter loads while
stepped footing may be
adopted for heavy loads.
 Combined Footing

A footing which supports two or more

columns is termed as a combined footing.

Combined footing should be proportioned so

that its centroid coincides with the centre of
gravity of column loads under normal
conditions and the maximum pressure beneath
the footing does not exceed the allowable soil
pressure under the most severe loading.

The combined footing may be rectangular in

shape if both the columns carry equal loads or
may be trapezoidal if they carry unequal
loads.
Combined Footing

Combined footings are commonly adopted when

a) two columns are spaced so closely that individual footings are

not practicable due to overlapping.

b) when a column is very close to the property line so that it is

not
possible to centre an individual footing under the column.

c) to prevent differential settlement in the structure

 Strap or cantilever footing

Strap footing is also a type of combined footing.

This is usually provided when two columns

are far apart so that a combined rectangular or
trapezoidal footing may not be economical.

A cantilever footing consists of two isolated

footings connected with a structural strap so
that they behave as a single unit.
The strap simply acts as a connecting beam
and
does not take any soil reaction.
Raft or mat foundation

A raft or mat foundation is a combined footing which

covers the entire area beneath a structure and supports all
the walls and columns..
Raft foundations are usually recommended
when

I. The building loads are heavy

II. The allowable soil pressure is small.
III. Individual footings would require more than half the
building area.
IV. Soil is erratic so that differential settlement would be
difficult
to control
V. The structure is subjected to hydraulic uplift
 Deep Foundation

In situations where soil at shallow depth is poor, in

order to transmit the load safely the depth of
foundation has to be increased till a suitable soil
stratum exists.

In view of the increased depth, such foundations

are called deep foundations. Piles, piers and
wells are examples of deep foundation.
 Pile foundations

Piles are relatively long slender

members that are driven into ground
or cast at the site.
Piles have been used from
prehistoric times.
Today pile foundations are more
common than any other type of deep
foundation, especially where the
soil conditions are unfavorable for
the use of shallow foundations.
 Well foundations

Wells which are also known as open caissons,

have been in use for the foundation of bridges
and other important structures.

Well foundations provide a solid and massive

foundation for heavy loads and are useful in
situations where the loads have to be
transferred to a soil stratum deep below.
Well foundations
Structural configurations

Load bearing masonry

Framed structures
Load bearing masonry structures

In a load bearing masonry structure, the

walls of the building carries load from
the floors and roof to the foundation.

For ordinary residential buildings up to

two floors we usually adopt this
method.

Load bearing structure has limitations

to resist earthquake.

Walls are thicker and carpet area

available
may be less .
Load bearing masonry structures

Room dimensions cannot be changed as walls have to be above walls

Large span areas are not possible. Limitation of span i.e. room sizes.
Limitations are there for providing openings walls, which will affect
the light and ventilation in room.
Walls have to be built first as they support the slab/ roof and hence all
walls have to be built simultaneously which is time consuming
 Framed structures

In a framed structure, a
framework or 'skeleton' of
beams or columns is used
to carry the structural loads
down the building to the
foundations.
The framework is usually of
steel or reinforced concrete,
but in small structures may
be of timber or aluminum.
Framed Structures

They are more resistant to earthquake.

Walls are thinner and carpet area available may be more.
Room dimension can be altered.
Here the walls are for privacy and security. No limitation exists in form of
taking walls over walls and rooms over rooms.
Framed Structures

They are more resistant to Earthquake.

Walls are thinner and carpet area available may be more.
Room dimension can be altered.
Here the walls are for privacy and security. No limitation exists in form of
taking walls over walls and rooms over rooms.
 Brick Masonry

Masonry may be defined as the

construction of building units bonded
together with mortar

When bricks are used as building units it

is called brick masonry and when stones
are used it is called stone masonry
Terms used: Course
A complete layer of bricks laid on the same bed is known as course and its
thickness is equal to the thickness of a brick plus the thickness of one mortar
joint.
 Terms used:
Bed
The bottom surface of the brick when it is laid flat is known as bed
Stretcher
The longer face of a brick visible in elevation when the brick is laid flat is known
as stretcher
Header
The end surface of the brick when it is laid flat is known as header
Lap
Lap is the horizontal distance between the vertical joints of successive brick courses
 Terms used:
Occasionally you will have to cut brick into various shapes to fill in spaces
at corners and other locations where a full brick does not fit
Bat
When a brick is cut across the width, the resulting piece is called bat. Thus a bat is
smaller in length than the full brick.
Closure
It is the portion of the brick cut along the length in such a way as one long face
remains intact
Types of bonds

Stretcher bond
In this type of bond, all the bricks are laid with their lengths in
the
longitudinal direction of the wall
Used when thickness of wall equal to half
brick Used for partition walls and cavity walls

Isometric view
Types of bonds

Header bond
In this type of bond, all the bricks are laid as headers towards
the
face of the wall.
This can be made when thickness of wall is equal to one
brick. Suitable for partition walls and for curved brickwork.

Isometric view Elevation

Types of bonds

English bond
This is the most commonly used bond for all thicknesses of walls
Considered to be the strongest.
This bond consists of alternate courses of headers and
stretchers. No continuous vertical joints.

Isometric view Elevation

English bond
 Types of bonds

Flemish Bond
Each course comprise of alternate headers and strechers
Every alternate course starts with a header from the
corner To develop the gap queen closers are placed
Every header is centrally supported over the stretcher
below

Isometric view Elevation

Flemish Bond
 English Bond VS Flemish Bond
English Bond Flemish Bond

Compact and stronger 1

Comparatively Less
1
. Stronger for walls of
thickness more than 1.5
brick

More attractive
Less pleasing appearance 2 2
& pleasing.
ENGLISH .
VS
FLEMISH
Cost is more 3 3 More economical
(no brickbats are (brickbats are used.)
used)

No strict supervision is Good workmanship and

4 4
required careful supervision is required.

Faster rate of construction 5 5 Rate of construction is slower.

Rubble Masonry
Roughest and cheapest form of rubble
masonry.
Stones of different shapes and
sizes are used.
Two types of rubble masonry
Un coursed: The stones are so arranged
that the vertical joints are staggered.
Better load distribution is achieved in
this.
Built into courses: Done in a manner that
the stonework is brought to courses of
thickness varying from 30-45 cm. All the
courses need not be of same height.
 Stone masonry VS Brick
masonry
Stone masonry Brick
masonry
1 cheaper as it requires
less labor

Stronger than 1 2 Better fire resistance

brick
masonry.

Openings can be easily

More aesthetic 2 3
provided
view. Stone
VS
Brick Speed of Construction
Watertight than 4
brick
3
is faster (bricks are
masonry. lighter)

Cheaper where
4 5 No dressing is required.
stone
is available.

6
Cheaper at places where
clay is available
 Roofs
Roof is defined as the covering provided over the top of a building.
The function of roof is to protect the building from the weathering
agencies like sun, rain, wind etc.
A roof basically consists of roof covering materials supported on
structural elements installed in the building top. Structural
elements may be trusses, beams, etc.
The roof covering may be of asbestos cement sheets, tile,
galvanized iron sheets, concrete slab, aluminum sheets, fiber
glass sheets etc.
 Functions/requirements of
a roof
An ideal roof should be structurally sound and strong
enough to carry the loads coming over it.
Roof should be waterproof with good drainage
arrangements.
It should protect the building against rain, wind, sun
etc., and it should be durable against the adverse effects
of these agencies.
It should provide adequate thermal and sound
insulation.
It should be fire resistant.
Types of Roofs

Pitched or sloping roofs

Various shapes which can be given

to roofs of this type depend on the
area covered, material available, type
of lighting and ventilation, etc.

This type is suitable where rainfall

or snowfall is heavy. Sloping roofs
may be wooden, steel or reinforced
concrete.
Types of Roofs
Flat roofs or terraced roofs
Flat roofs are suitable for buildings where rainfall is moderate.
These are applicable to buildings of any shape and size. Reinforced
concrete roof is the best example of flat roof.
Types of Roofs

Curved roofs
Curved roofs have their top surface curved

Such roofs are usually provided for public

buildings, theatres, recreation centers etc.,
to provide an architectural effect

Shells and domes are adopted when large

column free areas are required. This type
has an advantage that a lot of material is
saved as the structure is very thin.

Z
a
h
a

H
Roofing Materials
Asbestos-Cement Sheets
Asbestos- cement is a material consisting of cement and
asbestos. Roof coverings made of this material are cheap, fire
resisting and light in weight.
It does not rust and needs no protective coating. It cannot be
eaten away by vermin.
The cost of fixing is considerably less than other types of roofing
material.
This material has also got a very low thermal conductivity and
heats the room when it is used in summer or keeps the room very
cool in winter.
Presently not popular due to possible health risks
Asbestos-Cement Sheets
Roofing Materials

Aluminum sheets
Aluminum roof sheeting consists of Aluminum alloyed with a
small percentage of manganese for
strength. It is the lightest of all roofing.
It will reflect off the heat making the inside atmosphere
cool. Due to light weight nature of the sheet, structural
supports required can be light.
The most important advantage is that it is corrosion free.
These
are used for warehouses, industrial buildings, automobile
sheds etc.
Aluminum sheets
Roofing Materials

Galvanized Iron sheets

Galvanized iron sheets are extensively used as a roof
covering material in factories, work shops, sheds, cost
effective buildings, etc. because they are very durable, light
and fire proof.
They are stronger than Aluminum sheets and are made of
iron sheets, which are galvanized with zinc to protect them
from rusting action of water and wet weather.
Galvanized Iron sheets
Roofing Materials

Fiber sheets
Usually made of fiber glass or other polymeric materials.
Require low maintenance.
It is available in different colors and shades. It has got many
advantages such as light weight, rust proof, can be easily
cut to suit the plan of the building.
Examples are PVC sheets, Poly carbonic sheets etc.
Fibre sheets
Roofing Materials

Roofing Tiles
Tiles are one of the oldest roof covering materials. They are
available in various shapes and designs. Some of them have
been patented and are known by the name of the area in
which they are popular such as Allahabad tile, Mangalore tile
Roofing Tiles
Roofing Materials
Reinforced Concrete Roof
This consists of reinforced cement concrete slabs and beams.
They are made up of cement concrete reinforced with steel bars.
Flat roofs and sloped roofs are usually constructed using
reinforced cement concrete.
According to the structural behavior, RCC roof slabs can be
classified as one way slabs and two way slabs.
Floors

Floors are the horizontal elements of a building structure

which divide the building into different levels for the
purpose of creating more accommodation within a restricted
space one above the other and provide support for the
occupants, furniture and equipment of a building.
Floors

A floor consists of the following two components:

Sub-floor (or Base Course of Sub-grade). The purpose of this

component is to impart strength and stability to support
floor covering and all other superimposed loads.

Floor Covering (or Paving or Flooring). This is the covering

over the sub-floor and is meant to provide a hard, clean,
smooth, impervious, durable and attractive surface to the floor.
 Functions

The main function of any floor is to carry the self weight of

the floor itself and more importantly the dead load of any
structures placed upon it together with the live loads
associated with the use of the property
The ground floor is required to keep the moisture out and
the warmth in, enabling it to maintain a comfortable
environment for its inhabitants to live in and carry out the
social activities that the building was designed.
 Concrete Flooring:
This type of flooring is most commonly
used these days in commercial, institutional
and public buildings of all types.
Flooring This flooring is also known as Indian Patent
stone flooring.
Types The concrete flooring consists of two
components.
(a) a base course on subgrade
(b) a wearing course on floor finish
 Hardwood Flooring :

Flooring Hardwood flooring presents a combination of beauty and

durability
This type of flooring provides a long-lasting product,
Types wear resistant surface that could be refinished if
necessary
 Ceramic Tile:
Some types of ceramic tile with high glass
finish tend to scratch over the time. Ceramic
Flooring tiles with unglazed finish are the best
alternative for outdoor flooring because of the
Types possibility of standing water.
Finishes available are matte, embossed,
glazed and textured ones for ant-slip.
 Laminate Flooring :
One of the cheapest flooring types available,
laminate flooring are very easy to maintain.
Flooring Laminate flooring provides a strong, durable
surface
that can resist burns, scratches, and
Types chipping
It is an excellent solution for high traffic areas,
resembles natural materials and comes in a wide
range of colors and designs. However, laminate
flooring could not be refinished and can be
scratched easily.
Flooring
Types
Marble and Granite Flooring :
These tiles are one of the most
durable and versatile tiles to use.
They can be used for your
floors, walls and columns.
These titles are easily cleaned
and maintained.
They are also very easy to engrave
with stylish textures and designs
that suit the artistic tastes
Flooring Types
Glass Flooring :
This type of flooring can be used for
special purposes where it is desired
to transmit light from an upper floor
to a lower floor such as from a
ground floor to a basement.
This flooring is not commonly used
for floors, in general.
In the construction of glass flooring,
the structural glass in the form of
tiles, blocks, etc., is fitted within
frames of various types.
Thank You