MACHINE TOOLS
(ENGINE LATHE)
Prepared by- Lochan Devkota
2018
MACHINE TOOLS
A machine which performs the material removal operation
with tools, to produce desired shape and size of the work
piece is known as machine tool.
Various types of machine tools used in workshop are:
Lathes
Shapers Machine Tools are used :
To improve production rates
Drilling Machines
To reduce cost of production
Milling machines
To reduce fatigue of workers
Grinding machines To achieve better quality
To reduce wastage
LATHE
Probably one of the most earliest machine tools.
One of the most versatile and widely used machine tool,
also called mother of machine tools.
The job to be machined is held and rotated in a lathe
chuck, a stationary cutting tool, which is harder than the
job is advanced against rotating job.
Some of the common operation performed on the lathe
are facing, turning (step, taper, plain), drilling, threading,
knurling and boring.
Most of the operations are limited to circular profile.
PRINCIPAL PARTS OF LATHE
The Principal Parts are:
1. Bed
2. Headstock
3. Tailstock
4. Carriage
5. Feed Mechanism and
change gears
6. legs
PRINCIPAL PARTS OF LATHE
1. Bed:
It is the base or foundation of lathe.
Bed withstand various forces exerted on the cutting
tool during operation. So,it must be rigid and robust
It is heavy, rugged and single piece casting of semi
steel made to support other parts.(FOR EASY
SLIDING)
However,incase of large machines, may be of two
pieces bolted together to form desired length
PRINCIPAL PARTS OF LATHE
1. Bed:
• Two sets of guide ways are at the top for carriage and tail
stock.
• Outer ways is for carriage and inner ways is for the tailstock.
PRINCIPAL PARTS OF LATHE
2. Headstock:
Permanently fastened on the inner ways at
the left side of the bed.
Headstock spindle is hollow cylindrical shaft
supported by bearing, and provides driving
from motor to the holding device.
• A live center and
sleeve, a face plate,
or chuck can be
fitted to the spindle
nose to hold and
drive the work.
PRINCIPAL PARTS OF LATHE
3. Tailstock
It is situated at opposite side of headstock,
mounted on the inner guide ways of the
lathe bed.
• Tailstock spindle is
hollow tapered shaft,
that can be used to
hold the dead center or
other tools.
• Hand wheel is used to
fix the position of the
dead center with
spindle.
PRINCIPAL PARTS OF LATHE
4. Carriage:
Carriage controls and supports the cutting tool.
By its help tool moves away or towards the
headstock.
TYPICAL ENGINE LATHE
CLASSIFICATION
According to their construction and
design
TYPES OF LATHE
Types Depends up on the purpose and speed of operation:
1. Speed Lathe
2. Engine or Center Lathe
3. Bench Lathe
4. Tool Room Lathe
5. Capstan and Turret Lathe
6. Automatic Lathes
7. Special Purpose lathe
FEED MECHANISM
The movement of tool relative to work is
called feed.
Longitudinal Feed:
Tool moves parallel to the work, i.e. towards or away from the
headstock. (e.g. turning, knurling etc)
Cross Feed:
Tool moves perpendicular to the work, i.e. towards or away form
the operator.
Angular Feed:
Tool moves at angle to the work, obtained by swiveling the
compound rest.
Tool is feed by moving carriage and
compound rest.
LATHE ACCESSORIES
The devices, which are used for holding
and supporting the work and the tool on
the lathe are called Lathe accessories.
1. Chucks:
These are used for holding and rotating
work piece.
It is attached to lathe spindle with bolts.
Several types of chucks are available
according to the nature of work
2. Centers:
The lathe center is a hardened steel device with a taper
shank on one end and point on the other
The taper shank fits the taper spindle hole at headstock or
tail stock.
The center which fits at headstock and revolves with job is
called live center and which fits with tailstock is called
dead center.
3.FACE PLATE
Cast iron disc having a threaded hole
Consists of number of holes and slots by which work can be
secured
These are mainly employed in the case of eccentric jobs
An angle plate is used to hold the job with face plate in eccentric
job
A weight is fitted to counter balance the ecentricity
4.ANGLE PLATE
It is employed for holding work in conjuction with a face plate
When shape of work is such that it is not possible to mount
the work directly on face plate, angle plate is secured to face
plate
It is almost indidpensible attachment for most operations in
face plate
5.DRIVING PLATE
Cast circular disc having a projected boss
Boss carries internal thread so that can be screwed in spindle
nose
Carries a hole to accommodate pin which engages with tail of
lathe dog
6:LATHE DOG OR CARRIER
It is attached to the work piece to be turned between centers.
The work is gripped by a setscrew and is engaged with pin
attached to the drive/face plate.
For bent tail dog, pin is taken out and bent portion is inserted
in hole
LATHE TOOLS
ADJUSTABLE CUTTING FACTORS IN
TURNING
Speed:
Refers to the spindle and the work piece.
For a particular turning operation, surface
speed is important (m/s).
Every different diameter on a work piece
will have a different cutting speed, even
though the rotating speed remains the
same.
Feed:
Refers to the cutting tool, and it is the rate
at which the tool advances along its
cutting path. is expressed in mm / rev
NEED FOR CHANGE OF SPEED
Work piece has to be rotated at different speeds under different
machining condition
1.Workpiece material
2. Cutting tool material
3. Type of operation
4. Workpiece size
5. Surface finish
6. Cutting fluid
7. Rigidity of machine tool
ADJUSTABLE CUTTING FACTORS IN
TURNING
Depth of Cut:
It is the thickness of the layer being
removed from the work piece or the
distance from the uncut surface of the
work to the cut surface
Expressed in mm.
The diameter of the work piece is
reduced by two times the depth of cut
because this layer is being removed
from both sides of the work.
LATHE OPERATIONS
1. Centering:
Not required for three jaw type.
For four jaw chucks center is located by
means of using combination set or using a
bell center punch.
After locating center, center holes are
produced by countersunk tool or drill.
2. Facing:
It is operation of machining ends of a piece
of work to produce the flat surface.
Facing tool is fed through cross slide from
center of tool to outwards or vice versa.
LATHE OPERATIONS
LATHE OPERATIONS
LATHE OPERATIONS
3. Plain Turning:
It is an operation of removing excess amount of
material from the surface of the cylindrical work
piece.
This operation is done for reducing the diameter of
the work piece.
4. Step turning:
It is an operation of producing different diameters
in the work piece.
5. Taper Turning:
It is an operation of producing an external conical
surface on work piece.
Can be performed by tail stock set over method, by
swiveling the compound rest, or using taper turning
attachment.
LATHE OPERATIONS
LATHE OPERATIONS
6. Drilling:
It is an operation of making holes in the work piece with help
of drill bit.
Work is held in chuck and drill is held in tailstock and drill is
fed manually into the rotating work piece, by rotating
tailstock handle.
LATHE OPERATIONS
LATHE OPERATIONS
7. Boring:
It is an operation of enlarging a hole
already made in a work piece. Boring tool is
held in the tool post and is fed into the work
as similar to plain turning.
8. Undercutting or Grooving:
It is an operation of reducing diameter of a
work piece over a very narrow surface.
Tool is fed into a revolving work up to the
desired depth at right angles to the work
piece.
LATHE OPERATIONS
9. Threading:
Both external and internal threads can be cut on
lathe.
Some lathe are provided with quick change gear
box (back gear mechanism), which enables the
establishment of the required speed ratio very
quickly.
Chart is provided to inform about the speed and
feed to produce threads of different pitch.
10. Knurling:
Knurling produces a regularly shaped, roughened
surface on a work piece called knurl.
LATHE OPERATIONS
LATHE OPERATIONS VS. TOOLS
