Programming

Logic and
Design, 10e
Chapter 11: More
Object-Oriented
Programming Concepts

Farrell, Programming
Farrell, Programming Logic and
Logic Design,
and Design,1010 Edition.
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 Chapter Objectives

When you complete this chapter, you will be able to:

• 11.01 Create constructors

• 11.02 Create destructors

• 11.03 Describe composition

• 11.04 Describe inheritance

• 11.05 Describe how predefined classes are used to create GUI objects

• 11.06 Describe exception handling

• 11.07 List the advantages of object-oriented programming

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 Understanding Constructors (1 of 3)

• Constructor
− A method that has the same name as the class
− Establishes an object
• Constructors fall into two categories:
− Default constructor
 Requires no arguments

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 Understanding Constructors (2 of 3)

− Nondefault or parameterized constructor

 Requires arguments
• Declare constructors to be public so that other classes can instantiate
objects that belong to the class
• A class can have three types of constructors:
− Default constructor
 A class consists of an automatically created default constructor
in which the programmer has not explicitly written any
constructors
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 Understanding Constructors (3 of 3)

 A class contains an explicitly created default constructor and no

longer contains the automatically supplied one
• A class can have three types of constructors:
− Nondefault or parameterized constructor
 It is explicitly created with one of more parameters

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 Discussion Activity

When does a written constructor become the default constructor for a

class?

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 Discussion Activity: Answer

A constructor for a class can be created with or without parameters.

When a constructor is created without parameters, the automatically
supplied default constructor no longer exists and the constructor
becomes the default constructor for the class.

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 Default Constructors (1 of 2)

• Default constructor for the Employee class

− Establishes one Employee object with the identifier provided
• Write any statement you want in a constructor
• Place the constructor anywhere inside the class, outside of any other
method
− Often, programmers list the constructor first

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Figure 11-1: Employee Class with a Default
Constructor that Sets hourlyWage and
weeklyPay

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 Default Constructors (2 of 2)

Figure 11-3: Program that Figure 11-4: Output of Figure 11-5: Improved
declares Employee objects using program in Figure 11-3 version of the Employee
class in Figure 11-1 class constructor

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 Nondefault Constructors (1 of 2)

• Choose to create Employee objects with values that differ for each
employee
− Initialize each Employee with a unique hourlyWage
• Write constructors that receive arguments
− Employee partTimeWorker = new Employee (18.81)
− Employee partTimeWorker = new Employee (valueEnteredByUser)

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 Nondefault Constructors (2 of 2)

• When the constructor executes Figure 11-6: Employee

constructor that accepts a
− Numeric value within the constructor parameter
call is passed to Employee()
• Once you write a constructor for a class,
you no longer receive the automatically
supplied default constructor
• If a class has only one constructor, you
must provide an argument for every
object of that class you create
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 Overloading Instance Methods and
Constructors
• Overload methods
− Write multiple versions of a method with the same name but
different parameter lists
• Any method or constructor in a class can be overloaded
− Can provide as many versions as you want

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Figure 11-7: Employee Class with
Overloaded Constructors

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Figure 11-8: A Third Possible
Employee Class Constructor

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 Understanding Destructors (1 of 4)

• Destructor
− A method that contains the actions you require when an instance
of a class is destroyed
• Instance of a class is destroyed
− When the object goes out of scope
• If you do not explicitly create a destructor for a class, one is provided
automatically

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 Understanding Destructors (2 of 4)

• Declare a destructor
− Use an identifier that consists of a tilde (˜) followed by the class
name
• Cannot provide any parameters to a destructor
− Empty parameter list
• Destructors cannot be overloaded
− Only one destructor per class

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 Understanding Destructors (3 of 4)

• A destructor has no return type

• Programs never explicitly call a destructor
− Invoked automatically
• The last object created is the first object destroyed

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 Understanding Destructors (4 of 4)

Figure 11-9: Employee class with Figure 11-10: Program that declares two
destructor Employee objects using the class version with
the explicitly coded destructor

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Figure 11-11: Output of Program in
Figure 11-10

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 Knowledge Check Activity

Identify a true statement about destructors.

a. Destructors in a class can be overloaded.
b. Destructors are not invoked automatically.
c. Destructors are declared using asterisks as identifiers.
d. Destructors must have an empty parameter list.

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 Knowledge Check Activity: Answer

Identify a true statement about destructors.

Answer: d. Destructors must have an empty parameter list.
Since you never explicitly create destructors, parameters
cannot be provided to them. Therefore, they have an empty
parameter list.

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 Understanding Composition (1 of 2)

• When a class contains objects of another class as data fields, the

relationship is called a whole-part relationship or composition
− Called a has-a relationship because one class “has an” instance
of another
• Example
− A class named “Date” that contains a month, day, and year
 Employee class has two Date fields to hold Employee’s birth
date and hire date

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 Understanding Composition (2 of 2)

• Composition
− Placing a class object within another class object

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Figure 11-12: Diagram of Typical
Composition Relationships

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 Understanding Inheritance (1 of 4)

• Understanding classes helps you organize objects in real life

− Understanding inheritance helps you organize them more precisely
• Inheritance
− A principle that enables you to apply your knowledge of a general
category to more specific objects
− Reuse the knowledge you gain about general categories and apply
it to more specific categories

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 Understanding Inheritance (2 of 4)

• Create a class by making it inherit from another class

− The new class contains data fields and methods automatically
− Reuse fields and methods that are already written and tested
• Example
− Create a class named CommissionEmployee that inherits all the
attributes and methods of Employee class

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Understanding Inheritance (3 of 4)

Figure 11-13: An Employee class Figure 11-14: CommissionEmployee

inherits from Employee

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Figure 11-15: CommissionEmployee
Class

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 Understanding Inheritance (4 of 4)

• Benefits of using inheritance to create the CommissionEmployee

class:
− Saves time
− Reduces chance of errors
− Makes it easier to understand
− Reduces errors and inconsistencies in shared fields

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 Think, Pair, Share

• Suppose you have an existing class called Students and need to add a
new type of class for students who require extra classes each week.
Think about an efficient way to do this without duplicating the work
and effort.
• Pair with a classmate or create a breakout group of four people.
• Share your ideas with your partner(s) regarding inheriting attributes
from the existing class to save time and effort. Create a program that
demonstrates reusing the data fields and methods of the existing
class to create the new class.

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Understanding Inheritance Terminology (1
of 4)
• Base class
− A class that is used as a basis for inheritance
− Also called superclass or parent class
• Derived class or extended class
− A class that inherits from a base class
− Also called subclass or child class

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Understanding Inheritance Terminology (2
of 4)
• Discover which class is the base class and which is the derived class
− The base class is also called the superclass
− The derived class is also called the subclass
− Use the two classes in a sentence with the phrase “is a”
− Try saying the two class names together
− Compare the classes by size
• The derived class can be further extended

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Understanding Inheritance Terminology (3
of 4)
• Ancestors of a subclass
− The entire list of parent classes from which a child class is derived
− A child inherits all the data fields and methods of all its ancestors
− A parent class does not gain any child class data or methods

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Understanding Inheritance Terminology (4
of 4)
Figure 11-16: Program that declares an Figure 11-17: Output of the program
Employee and a CommissionEmployee in Figure 11-16

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Accessing Private Fields and Methods
of a Parent Class (1 of 5)
• It is common for methods to be public but for data to be private
• When a data field within a class is private:
− No outside class can use it, including a child class
− Can be inconvenient
− Inaccessible

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 Figure 11-18: Class Diagram for
HourlyEmployee Class Inheriting from
Employee

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 Figure 11-19: Implementation of
HourlyEmployee Class that Attempts to Access
weeklySalary

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Accessing Private Fields and Methods
of a Parent Class (2 of 5)
• Protected access specifier
− Used when you want no outside classes to be able to use a data
field except classes that are children of the original class
• If the Employee class’s creator did not foresee that a field would need
to be accessible, then weeklySalary will remain private
− Possible to correctly set an HourlyEmployee’s weekly pay using the
public method setWeeklySalary()

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Accessing Private Fields and Methods
of a Parent Class (3 of 5)
Figure 11-20: Employee class with a Figure 11-21: Employee class
protected field diagram with a protected field

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Figure 11-22: The HourlyEmployee
Class When weeklySalary Remains
Private

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Accessing Private Fields and Methods
of a Parent Class (4 of 5)
• Approaches to create a child class that can access a private field of its
parent’s class:
− Modify the parent class to make the field protected
− The child class can use a public method within the parent class
that modifies the field
• Protected access specifier improves program performance
− Use protected data members sparingly

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Accessing Private Fields and Methods
of a Parent Class (5 of 5)
• Classes that depend on field names from parent classes are called
fragile because they are prone to errors
• Multiple inheritance
− The capability to inherit from more than one class
• Abstract class
− A class from which you cannot create any concrete objects, but
from which you can inherit

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 Overriding Parent Class Methods
in a Child Class
• Overriding
− The mechanism by which a child class method is used by default
when a parent class contains a method with the same signature

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 Using Inheritance to Achieve Good
Software Design
• You can create powerful computer programs more easily if many of
their components are used either “as is” or with slight modifications
• Advantages of creating a useful, extendable superclass:
− Subclass creators save development and testing time
− Superclass code has been tested and is reliable
− Programmers who create or use new subclasses already
understand how the superclass works
− Neither the superclass source code nor the translated superclass
code is changed
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 An Example of Using Predefined
Classes: Creating Graphical user
interface
• Libraries or packages(GUI) Objects (1 of 2)
− Collections of classes that serve related purposes
• Graphical user interface (GUI) objects
− Created in a visual development environment
− Frames, buttons, labels, and text boxes
− Placed within interactive programs so that users can manipulate
them using input devices

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 An Example of Using Predefined
Classes: Creating Graphical user
interface
• Disadvantages (GUI)
of creating Objects
your own (2 of 2)
GUI object classes:
− Lots of work
− Repetitious
− Components would look different in various applications
• Visual development environment
− Known as an IDE (integrated development environment)
− Create programs by dragging components such as buttons and
labels onto a screen and arranging them visually

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 Understanding Exception Handling

• A lot of the effort that goes into writing programs involves checking
data items to make sure they are valid and reasonable
• Procedural programs
− Programmers handled errors in various ways that were effective
− Techniques had some drawbacks
• Object-oriented programming
− Led to a new model called exception handling

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 Drawbacks to Traditional Error-
Handling Techniques (1 of 2)
• The most often used error-handling outcome in traditional
programming was to terminate the program
− Unforgiving
− Unstructured
• Forcing the user to reenter data
− May allow no second chance at all

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Figure 11-23: A method that Handles
An Error in An Unstructured Manner

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 Drawbacks to Traditional Error-
Handling Techniques (2 of 2)
• More elegant solution
− Repeating data entry in a loop until the data item becomes valid
• Shortcomings
− Method is not very reusable
− Method is not very flexible
− Only works with interactive programs

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Figure 11-24: A Method that Handles
an Error Using a Loop

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 The Object-Oriented Exception-Handling
Model (1 of 6)
• Exception handling
− A group of techniques for handling errors in object-oriented
programs
• Exceptions
− The generic name used for errors in object-oriented languages
• Try some code statements that might throw an exception
• If an exception is thrown, it is passed to a block of code that can
catch an exception

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 The Object-Oriented Exception-Handling
Model (2 of 6)
• Throw statement
− Sends an Exception object out of the current code block or method
so it can be handled elsewhere

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 The Object-Oriented Exception-Handling
Model (3 of 6)
• Try block
− A block of code you attempt to execute while acknowledging that
an exception might occur
− Consists of the keyword “try” followed by any number of
statements
− If a statement in the block causes an exception, the remaining
statements in the try block do not execute and the try block is
abandoned

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 The Object-Oriented Exception-Handling
Model (4 of 6)
• Catch block
− A segment of code that can handle an exception
− Create a catch block using the following pseudocode elements:
 The keyword “catch” followed by parentheses that contain an
Exception type and an identifier
 Statements that take action to handle the error condition
 The “endcatch” keyword indicates the end of the catch block in
the pseudocode

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 The Object-Oriented Exception-Handling
Model (5 of 6)
Figure 11-25: A method that creates and Figure 11-26: A program that contains
throws an Exception object a try…catch pair

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 The Object-Oriented Exception-Handling
Model (6 of 6)
• General principle of exception handling:
− The method that uses data should be able to detect errors but not
be required to handle them
− Handling should be left to the application that uses the object
• Sunny day case
− When there are no exceptions and nothing goes wrong with a
program

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Using Built-in Exceptions and Creating
Your Own Exceptions
• Many OOP languages provide many built-in Exception types
− Built-in Exceptions in a programming language cannot cover every
condition
• Create your own throwable Exception
− Extend a built-in Exception class

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 Reviewing the Advantages of Object-
Oriented Programming (1 of 2)
• Save development time
− Each object automatically includes appropriate, reliable methods
and attributes
• Develop new classes more quickly
− By extending classes that already exist and work
• Use existing classes
− Concentrate only on the interface to those classes

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 Reviewing the Advantages of Object-
Oriented Programming (2 of 2)
• Overload methods
− Use reasonable, easy-to-remember names for methods

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 Self-Assessment

• What is a whole-part relationship of a class?

• When is a protected access specifier used in a program?
• What is a throw statement in a program?

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 Summary

Click the link to review the objectives for this presentation.

Link to Objectives

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