Chapter 1
Atomic Structure and
Periodic Table
LESSON 2
CHAPTER OUTLINES
1.4 The Periodic Table
1.5 Features of the Periodic Table
1.6 Periodic trends in atomic properties
1.6
1.4 The Periodic Table
Learning Objectives
Use the distribution of electrons to place elements into seven
periods and 18 groups in periodic table.
Classify elements into main group, transition and inner
transition elements, .
Periodic table: organizes elements
in order of increasing atomic number.
Use Aufbau principle to fill elec
trons in different levels starting
from 1s then 2s followed by 2p
using the shown diagram
1.4 The Periodic Table
1st shell,1s is filled with two electrons so there will be two elements
H: 1s1 and He: 1s2 (S-block elements) in the first Period
2nd period contains 8 elements since 2nd shell consists of 2s which is
filled with two electrons (two S-block elements) and 2p which is
filled with six electrons (six p-block elements).
Periodic table consists of 7 periods since there are a maximum
of 7 shells to be filled with electrons
Periodic table consists of 18 groups:
- 2 groups (Two S-block elements) by filling s subshell
- 6 groups (eight p-block elements) by filling p subshell
- 10 groups (ten d-block elements) by filling d subshell
1.5 Features of the Periodic Table
While 14 f-block elements are isolated below table
in two separate rows.
The periodic table is divided into blocks of elements according
to the last filled subshell
• Main group elements (s and p-block elements)
• Transition metals (d-block elements)
• Inner transition metal s(f-Block elements)
Elements in the same vertical column (group) have similar
chemical properties.
1.4 The Periodic Table
Groups are numbered from 1 to 18 from left to right or numbered
from 1A to 8A (for Main group elements) while d block elements
have a special numbering.
1.5 Features of the Periodic Table
Learning Objectives
Give names to the groups of periodic table which describe the
characteristics of their elements.
Group (1) —Alkali metals (except hydrogen)
Group (2) — Alkaline earth metals
Group (15) —Pnictogens
Group (16) —Chalcogens
Group (17) —Halogens – exist as diatomic, Fluorine, Chlorine act
as gases, Bromine act as a liquid and Iodine act as a solid.
Group (18) —Noble gases – nonreactive gases, monoatomic,inert. a
1.5 Features of the Periodic Table
1.5 Features of the Periodic Table
Learning Objectives
Classify elements as metals, nonmetals, or metalloids based on their
location within the periodic table
Metalloids (Semimetals) – along the “stairstep”
Metals: (All elements to the left of
metalloids except hydrogen). They
are solids except for Hg mercury;
good conductors, shiny, malleable.
Nonmetals They are located to the right of
metalloids, liquids (like Br), gases or brittle solids.
1.5 Features of The Periodic Table
EXAMPLES 1.2.
1. Classify each element as a metal, a semimetal,
or a nonmetal.
A. Iron
B. Sodium
C. Silicon
D. Chlorine
2. State whether the metal is an alkali metal, an
alkaline earth metal, or a transition metal.
Solution
1.
A. Iron; metal
B. Sodium; metal
C. Silicon; semimetal
D. Chlorine; nonmetal
2.
A. Iron; transition metal
B. Sodium; alkali metal
1.6 Periodic trends in atomic properties
Learning Objectives
Use the electron arrangement of elements to explain the trends in
periodic properties.
Major periodic trends include atomic radius and
electronegativity which increase or decrease across a
period or through groups.
1.6 Periodic trends in atomic properties
Atomic Radius Trends
Atomic radius = 1/2 the distance between the nuclei of two
atoms.
• Atomic size increases as you go
down on the periodic table,
because energy levels are being
added.
• Atomic size gradually decreases
from left to right across a period
of elements. This is because the
increase in nuclear charge pulls
the electrons closer to the
nucleus.
1.6 Periodic trends in atomic properties
Electronegativity Trends
Electronegativity is an atom’s ability to attract electrons.
• Electronegativity gradually increases from left to right
across a period of elements.
• Electronegativity gradually decreases as you go down on
the periodic table.
• Fluorine the most electronegative element.
EXAMPLES 1.3.
1. Which element has higher electronegativity, S
or Se?
Solution
1. S has higher electronegativity than Se.
Learning Check
Given the following elements, answer the questions:
Li N C
1. Which is the largest atom?
2. Which has 5 electrons in the valence shell?
3. Which atom has the lowest electronegativity?
RESOURCES
TEXTBOOK:
The Basics of General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry
ADDITIONAL RESOURCES
Introductory Chemistry – 1st Canadian Edition
Chemistry: Atoms First 2e
General, Organic, and Biochemistry
