??

What is an
element ?

P. 1 / 25
An element is a pure substance that cannot be
broken down into anything simpler by chemical
methods.

For example
Hydrogen
Hydrogen
Electrolysis
+
WATER
Oxygen
Oxygen

P. 2 / 25
 Class practice 1.2
By referring to the Periodic Table (on the front inside
cover), state which of the following substances are
elements:

(a) Phosphorus
(b) Sodium chloride
(c) Ammonia
(d) Glucose
(e) Sulphuric acid
(f) Mercury
A 1.2
Phosphorus and mercury are elements. The others are
not.

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??
What is a
compound ?

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 Made up of
Pure
two or more
substances
elements

COMPOUNDS Elements chemically

combined together

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Elements Compound

Sodium
Sodium
chloride
chemically combined
Chlorine

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 reads ‘reacts with’ reads ‘to produce’

sodium + chlorine sodium chloride

reactants products
(reacting substances) (substance produced)

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 Example 1.1
Statements about elements and compounds
True or False

‘When two or more elements are mixed and heated, a

compound is always formed’

‘A compound is a pure substance made up of two or more

elements that are chemically combined.’

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Solution
The first statement is false. A compound may or may not
form, depending on which elements are mixed and heated
together.

The second statement is true.

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Decomposition of compounds

Element
Element
A
A

Compound Element
Element
decomposed by BB
heat or electricity Element
(electrolysis)
Element
CC

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Fig. 1.9 Decomposition of copper(II) chloride by passing
electricity through it.

copper
deposit

copper(II) chloride solution

P. 12 / 25
 glowing splint

oxygen
glowing splint
relighted
Bunsen by oxygen
silver
flame
oxide
Fig. 1.10 Decomposition of silver oxide into silver and oxygen
by the application of heat.
P. 13 / 25
Properties of compounds compared with
those of constituent elements
The properties of a compound are entirely
different from those of the constituent elements.

+
sodium chlorine sodium chloride
Class
Class practice
practice 1.3
1.3

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??
What is a
mixture ?

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Mixture

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 Fig. 1.12
The soft drink in this can is a
mixture. It contains mainly
water, sweetener, carbon
dioxide and other
ingredients.

Example
Example 1.2
1.2 Experiment
Experiment 1.1
1.1 Experiment
Experiment 1.1
1.1

P. 17 / 25
 Example 1.2
Distinguishing between elements, compounds and
mixtures
(a) Give an example of
(i) a pure substance which is an element.
(ii) a pure substance which is a compound.
(iii) an impure substance.

(b) Explain why the example given in (a)(iii) is a mixture.

P. 18 / 2
Solution
(a)(i) Copper wire (used as electrical wire) is pure copper,
an element.
(ii) Distilled water is pure water, a compound.
(iii) Sea water is an impure substance (impure water)

(b) Sea water consists of water (a compound), sodium

chloride (a compound) and other substances
(compounds and elements), which have not
chemically combined together.

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There are three kinds of mixtures:

Element
Element Element
Element

Element
Element Compound
Compound

Compound
Compound Compound
Compound

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Differences between mixtures
and compounds
We can study the differences between a mixture
and a compound by comparing a mixture and
the compound of iron and sulphur.

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Property or test Iron Sulphur Iron/sulphur mixture Iron(II) sulphide

Appearance black solid yellow solid yellowish grey solid black solid

Action of magnet attracted by not attracted by only iron attracted by not attracted by
magnet magnet magnet magnet

Action of water sinks most sulphur all iron and most sinks
sinks sulphur sinks

Action of dilute liberates no reaction only iron reacts to gives toxic hydrogen
hydrochloric acid hydrogen gas liberate hydrogen gas sulphide gas (with
smell of bad eggs)

Structure

Table 1.1 Comparison of properties of iron, sulphur,

iron/sulphur mixture and iron(II) sulphide.
P. 22 / 25
 magnet

Fig. 1.13 Separating a

mixture of iron filings
and sulphur powder.
Iron is attracted by
the magnet, sulphur
iron /sulphur is not.
mixture

Learning tip Activity

Activity 1.1
1.1 Class
Class practice
practice 1.4
1.4

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??
What is an
atom ?

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 Atomic Structure and materials
-What are atoms?

the
the smallest
smallest part
part
of
of an
an element
element

ATOM
ATOM
has
has the
the properties
properties
of
of that
that element
element
 Atomic Structure and materials
- What are atoms?
A copper wire consists of trillions of copper atoms

copper atom

each has chemical

properties of
copper

(1 trillion = 1 000 000 000 000, i.e. 1  1012)

 Atomic Structure and materials
- What are atoms?

Atoms of different elements vary in size.

Different elements have different properties because

they consist of different kinds of atoms.
 Atomic Structure and materials
-What are atoms?

Atoms are made up of three

fundamental sub-atomic particles

protons neutrons electrons

 Atomic Structure and materials
-What are atoms?
A traditional model of atom by Rutterfold

negatively charged
electrons moving
around the nucleus

very tiny positively

charged nucleus
(containing protons
and neutrons)
 Atomic Structure and materials
-What are atoms?

Atomic theory:
Atoms are made up of protons, neutrons and
electrons. The protons (positively charged) and
neutrons (neutral) are concentrated in the very
tiny nucleus. The electrons (negatively
charged) moved around the nucleus.

An atom always has equal number of protons and

electrons. Therefore, they are all neutral.
 Atomic Structure and materials
-Atomic symbols
Atomic number

The atomic number of an atom is the number of

protons in the atom.
Each element has its unique atomic number.

Atomic number of
silver is 47
 Atomic Structure and materials
-Atomic symbols

More examples:

Atomic number of gold

is 79

Then, what is the

atomic number of
copper?
Atomic Structure and materials
-Periodic Table
The Periodic Table
 Atomic Structure and materials
-Periodic Table

What is a Periodic Table?

Why do we need a Periodic Table?

In Chemistry, Periodic Table helps us:

Easier to group up elements with similar activities.

Easier to study the reactivity trends of elements.
Easier to predict reactivity of unfamiliar element.
 Atomic Structure and materials
-Periodic Table

Patterns in Periodic Table

Across a period, the elements change from metals
through semi-metals to non-metals.

metal semi-metal non-metal

 Atomic Structure and materials
-Periodic Table

Groups Group I
A vertical column of elements
is called a group.
There are altogether eight
main groups.
Each group has a Roman number
(I, II, III, IV, V, VI, VII or 0)
You need to know A only but not B!!
 Atomic Structure and materials
-Periodic Table

Periods
A horizontal row of elements is called a period.

Period 2
 Class Practice 1
Element X has an atomic no. of 15.

(a) Deduce what is X.

(b) In which (i) group (ii) period of the Periodic
Table should X be placed?
(c) Is X a metal or a non-metal?
Covalent Bonding

??
What is a
molecule?

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A molecule consists of more than one atoms which
are chemically combined and can exist on its own
under room conditions. It can be an element or a
compound.

Class
Class practice
practice 8.1
8.1 Experiment
Experiment 8.1
8.1
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Molecules in compounds and elements

1. Molecules in compounds

Compound made up of non metal only usually

consist of molecules.

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 a water molecule

oxygen atom

hydrogen atom

Each molecule is made up of

two hydrogen atoms and one
oxygen atom chemically
joined together.

P. 42 / 46
 Notice that a molecule of a compound consists
of atoms of different kinds.
O C O N
H H
carbon dioxide
H
ammonia

H
Cl
H
C
H H

methane H hydrogen chloride

P. 43 / 46
 2. Molecules in elements

Molecules
Molecules

Elements
Elements
consist of
Atoms
Atoms

P. 44 / 46
 chlorine atoms

one chlorine molecule

(diatomic molecule)
a chlorine atom cannot
exist on its own under room
conditions
A molecule of an element consists of atoms of
the same kind. P. 45 / 46
 Class Practice 2
Fusion textbook p.55 “Classiflyingmaterials”

Fusion textbook p.57 (1) and (2)

Fusion textbook p.59 (1) and (2)

Fusion textbook p.61 (1-4)

Fusion textbook p.63 (1-3)

Compound Name : Metal and non-metal

Compound made between a metal and non

metal. The metal is written first, with the non
metal afterwards.

Metals are in a compound their name stay

the same.

Non metal have names ending in -ide, e.g.

oxygen  oxide ; a sulphur sulphide ;
chorine  chloride.
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Compound Name : Metal, non-metal and oxygen

a compound is made between three different

elements, a metal, a non metal and oxygen.
The non metal names ending in –ate

Sulphate
SO4 2−

Nitrate
NO3 −

P. 48 / 19
Chemical formula

Symbolx

Group no. vs no. of hands (combining power)

Group number Number of hands
(combining power)
1 1
2 2
3 3
4 4
5 3
6 2
7 1
8 0

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 Class Practice 3
Fusion textbook p.65 (1-3)

Fusion textbook p.67 (1-3)

Fusion textbook p.69 (1-2)

Concept Check