DAE 11103
Circuit Theory
Chapter 2
Resistive Circuits
Resistive Circuits
2.1 Ohm’s Law.
2.2 Nodes, Branches, and Loops.
2.3 Kirchhoff’s Laws.
2.4 Series Resistors and Voltage Division.
2.5 Parallel Resistors and Current Division.
2.6 Wye-Delta Transformations.
2
2.1 Ohms Law (1)
• Ohm’s law states that the voltage across
a resistor is directly proportional to the
current I flowing through the resistor.
• Mathematical expression for Ohm’s Law
is as follows:
v iR
• Two extreme possible values of R:
0 (zero) and (infinite) are related
with two basic circuit concepts: short
circuit and open circuit.
3
Possible values of R
• If R = 0, short circuit
• v=iR=0, voltage is zero, current could be
anything
• In practical, short circuit perfect 4
conductor resistance approaching zero
Cont…
• If R = ∞, open circuit
lim
v
i 0
R R
• Current is zero, voltage could be anything
• Open circuit perfect conductor resistance
approaching infinity
5
2.1 Ohms Law (2)
• Conductance is the ability of an element to
conduct electric current; it is the reciprocal of
resistance R and is measured in mhos or
siemens.
1 i
G
R v
• The power dissipated by a resistor:
2
v
p vi i 2 R
R
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2.2 Nodes, Branches and Loops
(1)
• A branch represents a single element such as a
voltage source or a resistor.
• A node is the point of connection between two
or more branches.
• A loop is any closed path in a circuit.
• A network with b branches, n nodes, and l
independent loops will satisfy the fundamental
theorem of network topology:
b l n 1
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2.2 Nodes, Branches and Loops
(2)
Example 1
Original circuit
Equivalent circuit
How many branches, nodes and loops are there?
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2.2 Nodes, Branches and Loops
(3)
Example 2 Should we consider it as one
branch or two branches?
How many branches, nodes and loops are there?
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2.3 Kirchhoff’s Laws (1)
• Kirchhoff’s current law (KCL) states that the
algebraic sum of currents entering a node (or
a closed boundary) is zero.
N
Mathematically, i
n 1
n 0
10
Example 3
• Determine the current I for the circuit shown in
the figure below.
I + 4-(-3)-2 = 0
I = -5A
This indicates that
the actual current
for I is flowing
in the opposite
We can consider the whole direction.
enclosed area as one “node”. 11
• Kirchhoff’s voltage law (KVL) states that the
algebraic sum of all voltages around a closed
path (or loop) is zero.
M
Mathematically, v
m 1
n 0
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Example 4
Applying the KVL equation for the circuit of the
figure below
va-v1-vb-v2-v3 = 0
V1 = IR1 v2 = IR2 v3 = IR3
va-vb = I(R1 + R2 + R3)
va vb
I
R1 R2 R3
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2.4 Series Resistors and Voltage
Division (1)
• Series: Two or more elements are in series if they
are cascaded or connected sequentially
and consequently carry the same current.
• The equivalent resistance of any number of
resistors connected in a series is the sum of the
individual resistances.
N
Req R1 R2 R N Rn
n 1
• The voltage divider can be expressed as
Rn
vn v
R1 R2 R N 14
2.4 Series Resistors and Voltage
Division (1)
Example 3
10V and 5
are in series
15
2.5 Parallel Resistors and Current
Division (1)
• Parallel: Two or more elements are in parallel if
they are connected to the same two nodes and
consequently have the same voltage across them.
• The equivalent resistance of a circuit with
N resistors in parallel is:
1 1 1 1
Req R1 R2 RN
• The total current i is shared by the resistors in
inverse proportion to their resistances. The
current divider can be expressed as: v iReq
in
Rn Rn
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2.5 Parallel Resistors and Current
Division (1)
Example 4
2, 3 and 2A
are in parallel
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Delta -> Star Star -> Delta
Rb Rc R1 R2 R2 R3 R3 R1
R1 Ra
( Ra Rb Rc ) R1
Rc R a R1 R2 R2 R3 R3 R1
R2 Rb
( Ra Rb Rc ) R2
Ra Rb R1 R2 R2 R3 R3 R1
R3 Rc
( Ra Rb Rc ) R3
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