Telecommunicatio

ns (Introduction)
Interactive Session

Dr. A. Amate
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Dr. A. Amate
 CONTENT

 What is Telecommunications?

 Transmission Media in Telecoms

 Electromagnetic Spectrum

 Spectrum Allocation in Nigeria

 Mobile Communication

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 Summary
 WHAT IS
TELECOMMUNICATIONS?
Telecommunications refers to the electronic exchange
of information from one point to another

This information could be any or all of the Triple-Play

services (i.e. Voice, data and/or video)

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 TRANSMISSION MEDIA

TRANSMISSION
MEDIA

WIRELESS WIRED

FIBRE
TERRESTIAL SPACE COPPER
OPTIC

RADIO MICRO TWISTED

COAXIAL
WAVE WAVE PAIR
CABLES 4
CABLES
WIRED VS WIRELESS

Lets Discuss   

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 WIRELESS/ MOBILE
COMMUNICATIONS
 Wireless Communications is the transfer of
information between two or more points without the use
of an electrical conductor, optical fibre or other
continuous guided medium for the transfer.
 Uses ranges from small distance connections like
Bluetooth to long distance connections like Deep-Space
Radio Communications.

Examples include;
GPS units, Garage door openers, Wireless Computer
Mouse, Keyboards, Headphones, Satellite/ Broadcast
television etc.
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 Electromagnetic spectrum
Spectrum is a range of frequencies or
electromagnetic/radio waves ranging from (30KHz –
300GHz) through which telecommunications services are
carried out.

It is a natural but scarce resource and needs to be

managed efficiently

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SPECTRUM ALLOCATION IN NIGERIA
(Agencies under the Ministry of
Communication)

NDPC

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Spectrum Classification

Spectrum

Microwave Spectrum WLL/ Access/ Last mile Spectrum

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 SPECTRUM ASSIGNMENT IN
THE COMMISSION
MICROWAVE FREQUENCY:
This is simply the frequency involved in point to point
transmission. It is location based.

ACCESS/ WIRELESS LOCAL LOOP(WLL) :

This is the frequency involved in point to multi
point transmission i.e. broadcasting signal.

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Point-to-Multi-Point
 Microwave frequency

bands
Microwaves are situated between radio waves and infrared
radiation on the electromagnetic spectrum.
 Microwaves are named after their ability to generate heat in
food, primarily used in microwave ovens. However, their
applications extend far beyond cooking. In scientific terms,
microwaves are characterized by their relatively high
frequency and shorter wavelengths compared to other
electromagnetic waves.
 The bands are suitable for a wide array of applications in
fields such as communication, medicine, radar systems, and
astronomy.

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 Properties of Microwave
1. High Frequency: Microwaves possess relatively high frequencies within the
range of 300 MHz to 300 GHz. This high frequency enables them to carry
large amounts of data and information efficiently, making them crucial for
wireless communication systems.
2. Short Wavelength: Microwaves have shorter wavelengths compared to
other electromagnetic waves. The shorter wavelength allows them to
interact differently with objects and substances. It enables microwaves to
penetrate certain materials, such as glass and plastic, while being reflected
or absorbed by others, such as metals.
3. Penetration and Absorption: Microwaves have the ability to penetrate
certain substances, such as food and living tissues, due to their longer
wavelengths compared to higher-frequency electromagnetic waves like X-
rays or gamma rays. This property is leveraged in applications such as
medical imaging (MRI) and therapeutic treatments (hyperthermia).
4. Interference and Diffraction: Microwaves can experience interference
and diffraction when encountering obstacles or passing through small
openings. These phenomena affect the propagation and distribution of
microwaves, which can be both advantageous and challenging in various
applications.
5. Line-of-Sight Transmission: Microwaves generally propagate 12
in a line-of-
sight manner, meaning they require a clear path between the transmitter
and receiver. However, advancements in technology, such as the use of
 Applications
Microwave frequency finds diverse and widespread applications across various fields. Let's explore some of the key
areas where microwave technology is utilized:

1. Microwave Ovens and Cooking: One of the most well-known applications of microwaves is in microwave
ovens for cooking and heating food. Microwaves efficiently generate heat by exciting water molecules in the
food, resulting in quick and convenient cooking.
2. Communication Technologies: Microwave frequency plays a vital role in wireless communication systems. It is
used in technologies such as Wi-Fi, cellular networks, satellite communication, and point-to-point microwave
links. Microwaves enable fast data transmission, allowing us to stay connected wirelessly across long
distances.
3. Radar Systems: Microwaves are integral to radar systems used for detection, tracking, and imaging purposes.
Radar technology relies on the transmission and reception of microwave signals to detect objects, monitor
weather patterns, assist in navigation, and support military applications.
4. Medical Applications: Microwaves have significant applications in the medical field. Magnetic Resonance
Imaging (MRI) utilizes powerful magnets and pulsed microwaves to create detailed images of internal body
structures for diagnostic purposes. Microwaves are also used in hyperthermia treatment, where targeted
microwave energy is applied to destroy cancer cells.
5. Remote Sensing: Microwaves are employed in remote sensing applications, including weather forecasting,
environmental monitoring, and agriculture. Satellites equipped with microwave sensors collect data to study
weather patterns, measure soil moisture, and monitor vegetation health.
6. Aerospace and Defense: Microwave technology is crucial in aerospace and defense applications. It is used in
satellite communication, radar systems for aircraft detection, surveillance, and intelligence gathering.
7. Wireless Power Transmission: There is ongoing research and development in wireless power transmission
using microwaves. This technology aims to wirelessly transfer power over short distances, providing
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convenient charging solutions for various electronic devices.
 ` MICROWAVE FREQUENCIES IN NIGERIA
Microwave frequency usage in Nigeria is regulated by the Nigerian Communications Commission (NCC) in
accordance with international standards and guidelines. The NCC manages the allocation and licensing of
frequency bands for various telecommunications services and ensures efficient and effective utilization of
the microwave spectrum.

In Nigeria, several frequency bands are designated for microwave communication, including:

6 -8 GHz Band: The 6 - 8 GHz band is allocated for microwave point-to-point communication links.
It is commonly used for backhaul connectivity in telecommunications networks, connecting cell
towers and base stations.
11 - 18 GHz Band: The 11 - 18 GHz band is utilized for various microwave applications, including
wireless backhaul links, satellite communication, and broadcast distribution.
23 GHz Band: The 23 GHz band, specifically the 23.6-24 GHz range, is allocated for fixed point-to-
point microwave links and is commonly used for high-capacity connectivity in urban areas.
38 GHz Band: The 38 GHz band, particularly the 38.6-40 GHz range, is allocated for fixed point-to-
point microwave links, supporting high-speed data transmission and connectivity in both urban and
rural areas.
60 - 80 GHz Band: The 60 - 80 GHz band is designated for unlicensed wireless communication,
commonly known as WiGig or Wi-Fi 6E. This band enables high-speed, short-range wireless
communication for applications such as high-definition video streaming, virtual reality, and
augmented reality.

These frequency bands, allocated by the NCC, provide the foundation for various microwave
communication services in Nigeria, supporting wireless backhaul, satellite communication, and other
connectivity solutions. Telecommunications operators and service providers obtain licenses from the NCC
to utilize specific frequency bands for their networks and services, ensuring efficient and coordinated use
of the microwave spectrum.

It is important to note that specific frequency assignments and regulations may be subject to change or
revision over time as technology advances and spectrum needs evolve. The NCC continually monitors and
 ADVANTAGES
Microwave frequency offers several advantages that make it suitable for various
applications. However, it also has certain limitations to consider. Let's explore the
advantages and limitations of microwave frequency:

Advantages:
High Data Transmission Rates: Microwaves enable high-speed data
transmission, making them ideal for wireless communication systems. They
can carry large amounts of information efficiently, facilitating seamless
connectivity and fast data transfer.
Low Interference: Microwaves experience less interference from obstacles
compared to lower-frequency radio waves. This allows for reliable
communication and signal reception, particularly in urban areas with high
signal congestion.
Wide Range of Applications: Microwave frequency finds diverse applications
across multiple fields, including communication, cooking, medical imaging,
and radar systems. The versatility of microwaves makes them a valuable
technology in various industries.
 LIMITATIONS
However Microwave frequency , it also has certain limitations to consider. Let's explore the
advantages and limitations of microwave frequency:

Limitations:

Limited Range: Microwave signals have a relatively limited range compared to lower-
frequency radio waves. They can be attenuated by atmospheric conditions, physical
barriers, and other factors, resulting in decreased signal coverage over long distances.

Susceptibility to Obstacles: Microwaves are susceptible to interference and diffraction

when encountering obstacles, such as buildings, trees, or terrain features. This can lead
to signal degradation and coverage limitations, especially in non-line-of-sight scenarios.
Sensitivity to Weather Conditions: Certain weather conditions, such as heavy rain,
fog, or atmospheric disturbances, can affect microwave signal propagation. These
factors may cause signal attenuation or disruption, impacting the reliability of
microwave communication links.
Line-of-Sight Requirements: Microwave communication typically requires a clear line
of sight between the transmitting and receiving antennas. This line-of-sight
requirement can pose challenges in areas with significant geographical obstacles or
densely built environments.

Understanding the advantages and limitations of microwave frequency allows us to make

informed decisions regarding its application and deployment. While microwaves offer high-
speed communication and diverse functionality, it is essential to consider their range,
susceptibility to obstacles, and weather conditions in designing and implementing
microwave-based systems.
 CONCLUSION
In conclusion, microwave frequency is a fascinating aspect of the electromagnetic spectrum that plays a
crucial role in numerous areas of our lives. We have explored its definition, properties, and diverse
applications across various fields.

Microwave frequency enables us to cook our food quickly, stay connected wirelessly, and access high-speed
internet. It supports critical technologies like radar systems, medical imaging, and satellite communication.
As we continue to advance technologically, emerging trends such as 5G, the Internet of Things, and wireless
power transmission are further expanding the potential of microwave frequency.

However, it is important to consider safety guidelines and regulations associated with microwave devices to
protect human health and ensure responsible usage. The Nigerian Communications Commission (NCC)
oversees the allocation and utilization of microwave frequency in Nigeria, ensuring efficient and coordinated
use of the spectrum.

As we look to the future, exciting developments lie ahead. Emerging technologies like 5G, advanced satellite
communication, and millimeter wave applications hold immense promise for innovation and connectivity.

By understanding the advantages and limitations of microwave frequency, we can harness its capabilities
effectively while mitigating challenges. It is through this balanced approach that we can continue to utilize
microwave technology to drive progress, enhance communication, and improve various aspects of our lives.
COMMUNICATION BETWEEN
A USER AND A BASE STATION

Control Information

User Information

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 SUMMARY

Telecommunications involve electrical transmission of signal over a

distance

Transmission media in Telecoms can be broadly classified into wired

and wireless, both having having their tradeoffs.

wireless/ mobile communication more prevalent because of ubiquity,

cheaper terminals, ease of deployment amongst other attributes.

Spectrum is a scarce resource and is classified into Microwave and WLL

bands for Assignment in the Commission

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Danke !!!

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