Gases

Chapter 5

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 Physical Characteristics of Gases
• Gases assume the volume and shape of their containers.
• Gases are the most compressible state of matter.
• Gases will mix evenly and completely when confined to
the same container.
• Gases have much lower densities than liquids and solids.

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NO2 gas
 Force
Pressure = Area

(force = mass x acceleration)

Units of Pressure

1 pascal (Pa) = 1 N/m2

1 atm = 760 mmHg = 760 torr
1 atm = 101,325 Pa

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Example 1

The pressure outside a jet plane flying at high altitude falls

considerably below standard atmospheric pressure. Therefore,
the air inside the cabin must be pressurized to protect the
passengers.

What is the pressure in atmospheres in the cabin if the

barometer reading is 688 mmHg?
Example
Strategy Because 1 atm = 760 mmHg, the following
conversion factor is needed to obtain the pressure in
atmospheres:

Solution The pressure in the cabin is given by

 Gas Laws - Boyle’s Law

P a 1/V
P x V = constant Constant temperature
Constant amount of gas
P1 x V1 = P2 x V2 7
Apparatus for Studying the Relationship Between
Pressure and Volume of a Gas

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As P (h) increases V decreases
A sample of chlorine gas occupies a volume of 946 mL at a
pressure of 726 mmHg. What is the pressure of the gas (in
mmHg) if the volume is reduced at constant temperature to 154
mL?

P x V = constant
P1 x V1 = P2 x V2
P1 = 726 mmHg P2 = ?
V1 = 946 mL V2 = 154 mL

P1 x V1 726 mmHg x 946 mL

P2 = = = 4460 mmHg
V2 154 mL
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Variation in Gas Volume with Temperature at Constant Pressure

As T increases V increases 10
 Charles’s Law and Gay-Lussac’s Law
Variation of Gas Volume with Temperature
at Constant Pressure

Charles’s &
Gay-Lussac’s
Law

VaT Temperature must be

V = constant x T in Kelvin
V1/T1 = V2 /T2 T (K) = t (0C) + 273.15 11
A sample of carbon monoxide gas occupies 3.20 L at 125 0C.
At what temperature will the gas occupy a volume of 1.54 L if
the pressure remains constant?

V1 /T1 = V2 /T2

V1 = 3.20 L V2 = 1.54 L
T1 = 398.15 K T2 = ?
T1 = 125 (0C) + 273.15 (K) = 398.15 K

V2 x T1 1.54 L x 398.15 K
T2 = = = 192 K
V1 3.20 L
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 Avogadro’s Law
V a number of moles (n) Constant temperature
Constant pressure
V = constant x n

V1 / n1 = V2 / n2

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 Summary of Gas laws
• Boyle’s Law: Volume is inversely proportional to pressure
(at constant T and n)
• Charles’s Law: Volume is directly proportional to
temperature (at constant P and n)
– Absolute zero (-273.15oC) is the lowest theoretically attainable
temperature.
• Gay-Lussac’s Law: Pressure is directly proportional to
temperature (at constant V and n)
• Avogadro’s Law: Equal volumes of gases contain equal
numbers of molecules (at same T and P)

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 Ideal Gas Equation
Boyle’s law: P a 1 (at constant n and T)
V
Charles’s law: V a T (at constant n and P)
Avogadro’s law: V a n (at constant P and T)

nT
Va
P
nT nT
V = constant x =R R is the gas constant
P P

PV = nRT
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The conditions 0 0C and 1 atm are called standard
temperature and pressure (STP).

Experiments show that at STP, 1 mole of an ideal

gas occupies 22.414 L.

PV = nRT

PV (1 atm)(22.414L)
R= =
nT (1 mol)(273.15 K)

R = 0.082057 L • atm / (mol • K)

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Example 2

Sulfur hexafluoride (SF6) is a

colorless and odorless gas.

Due to its lack of chemical

reactivity, it is used as an
insulator in electronic
equipment.

Calculate the pressure (in atm)

exerted by 1.82 moles of the
gas in a steel vessel of volume
5.43 L at 69.5°C. SF6
Example
Solution Because no changes in gas properties occur, we can
use the ideal gas equation to calculate the pressure.

Rearranging Equation (5.8), we write

Example 3

A small bubble rises from the bottom of a lake, where the

temperature and pressure are 8°C and 6.4 atm, to the water’s
surface, where the temperature is 25°C and the pressure
is 1.0 atm.

Calculate the final volume (in mL) of the bubble if its initial
volume was 2.1 mL.
Example
Solution According to Equation (5.9)

We assume that the amount of air in the bubble remains

constant, that is, n1 = n2 so that

which is Equation (5.10).

Example
The given information is summarized:

Initial Conditions Final Conditions

P1 = 6.4 atm P2 = 1.0 atm
V1 = 2.1 mL V2 = ?
T1 = (8 + 273) K = 281 K T2 = (25 + 273) K = 298 K

Rearranging Equation (5.10) gives

 Practice Problems
1. Calculate the volume occupied by 2.12 moles of nitric
oxide (NO) at 6.54 atm and 76oC.
2. A gas occupying a volume of 725 mL at a pressure of
0.970 atm is allowed to expand at constant temperature
until pressure reaches 0.541 atm. What is the final
volume?
3. What is the volume (in L) occupied by 49.8 g HCl at
STP?
4. At STP, 0.280 L of a gas weighs 0.400 g Calculate the
molar mass of the gas.

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Density (d) Calculations

m PM m is the mass of the gas in g

d= =
V RT M is the molar mass of the gas

Molar Mass (M ) of a Gaseous Substance

dRT
M= d is the density of the gas in g/L
P

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Example 4

Calculate the density of carbon dioxide (CO2) in grams per liter

(g/L) at 0.990 atm and 55°C.

CO2
Example
Strategy We need Equation (5.11) to calculate gas density.

Is sufficient information provided in the problem?

What temperature unit should be used?

Solution To use Equation (5.11), we convert temperature to

kelvins (T = 273 + 55 = 328 K) and use 44.01 g for the molar
mass of CO2:
A 2.10-L vessel contains 4.65 g of a gas at 1.00 atm and 27.0
0
C. What is the molar mass of the gas?

dRT m 4.65 g g
M= d= = = 2.21
P V 2.10 L L

g L•atm
2.21 L x 0.0821 mol•K
x 300.15 K
M=
1 atm

M = 54.5 g/mol

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 Practice Problems
1. A chemist synthesized a greenish-yellow gaseous
compound of Cl and O and finds that its density is 7.71
g/L at 36oC and 2.88 atm. Calculate the molar mass of
the compound and determine its molecular formula.
2. Chemical analysis of a gaseous compound showed that it
contained 33.0 % of Si and 67.0 % F by mass. At 35oC,
0.210 L of the compound exerted a pressure of 1.70 atm.
If the mass of 0.210 L of the compound was 2.38 g.
Calculate the molecular formula of the compound.
3. A gaseous compound is 78.14 % B and 21.86 % H. At
27oC, 74.3 mL of the gas exerted a pressure of 1.12 atm.
If the mass of the gas was 0.0934 g, what is its molecular
formula?

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Gas Stoichiometry

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Example 5
Sodium azide (NaN3) is used in some
automobile air bags. The impact of a
collision triggers the decomposition of
NaN3 as follows:

The nitrogen gas produced quickly

inflates the bag between the driver
and the windshield and dashboard. An air bag can
protect the driver in
an automobile
Calculate the volume of N2 generated collision.
at 80°C and 823 mmHg by the
decomposition of 60.0 g of NaN3.
Example
Solution First we calculate number of moles of N2 produced by
60.0 g NaN3 using the following sequence of conversions

so that

The volume of 1.38 moles of N2 can be obtained by using the

ideal gas equation:
 Practice Problems
1. Calculate the volume of CO2 gas produced at 37oC
and 1.0 atm when 5.60 g of glucose is used up the
reaction:
C6H12O6 + 6O2 → 6CO2 + 6H2O

2. A 2.14 L sample of HCl gas at 2.61 atm and 28oC

is completely dissolved in 668 mL of water to form
hydrochloric acid solution. Calculate the molarity of
the acid solution. Assume no change in volume.
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 Dalton’s Law of Partial Pressures
V and T are constant

P1 P2 Ptotal = P1 + P2
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Consider a case in which two gases, A and B, are in a
container of volume V.

nART
PA = nA is the number of moles of A
V
nBRT nB is the number of moles of B
PB =
V
nA nB
PT = PA + PB XA = XB =
nA + nB nA + nB

PA = XA PT PB = XB PT

ni
Pi = Xi PT mole fraction (Xi ) =
nT
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Example 6

A mixture of gases contains 4.46 moles of neon (Ne), 0.74 mole

of argon (Ar), and 2.15 moles of xenon (Xe).

Calculate the partial pressures of the gases if the total pressure

is 2.00 atm at a certain temperature.
Example
Strategy What is the relationship between the partial pressure
of a gas and the total gas pressure?

How do we calculate the mole fraction of a gas?

Solution According to Equation (5.14), the partial pressure of

Ne (PNe) is equal to the product of its mole fraction (XNe) and the
total pressure (PT)
Example
Using Equation (5.13), we calculate the mole fraction of Ne as
follows:

Therefore,
Example
Similarly,

and

Check Make sure that the sum of the partial pressures is equal
to the given total pressure; that is,

(1.21 + 0.20 + 0.586) atm = 2.00 atm.

 Practice Problems
1. A sample of natural gas contains 8.24 moles of methane,
0.421 moles of ethane, and 0.115 moles of propane. The
total pressure of the mixture of gases is 1.37 atm. What
are the partial pressure of the gases?
2. Oxygen gas is generated by the decomposition of
potassium chlorate (Fig. 5.15 in textbook). The volume
of oxygen collected at 24oC and atmospheric pressure of
762 mmHg is 128 mL. Calculate the mass in g of oxygen
gas obtained. The pressure of water vapor at 22.4oC is
22.4 mmHg.

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 Kinetic Molecular Theory of Gases
1. A gas is composed of molecules that are separated from
each other by distances far greater than their own
dimensions. The molecules can be considered to be points;
that is, they possess mass but have negligible volume.
2. Gas molecules are in constant motion in random directions,
and they frequently collide with one another. Collisions
among molecules are perfectly elastic.
3. Gas molecules exert neither attractive nor repulsive forces
on one another.
4. The average kinetic energy of the molecules is proportional
to the temperature of the gas in kelvins. Any two gases at
the same temperature will have the same average kinetic
energy
KE = ½ mu2
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 Kinetic theory of gases and …
• Compressibility of Gases
• Boyle’s Law
P a collision rate with wall
Collision rate a number density
Number density a 1/V
P a 1/V
• Charles’s Law
P a collision rate with wall
Collision rate a average kinetic energy of gas molecules
Average kinetic energy a T
PaT

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 Kinetic theory of gases and …
• Avogadro’s Law
P a collision rate with wall
Collision rate a number density
Number density a n
Pan
• Dalton’s Law of Partial Pressures
Molecules do not attract or repel one another
P exerted by one type of molecule is unaffected by the
presence of another gas
Ptotal = SPi

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 The distribution of speeds
of three different gases
at the same temperature

The distribution of speeds

for nitrogen gas molecules
at three different temperatures

urms =  3RT
M
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Gas diffusion is the gradual mixing of molecules of one gas
with molecules of another by virtue of their kinetic properties.


r1 M2
=
r2 M1

molecular path
NH4Cl

NH3 HCl
17 g/mol 36 g/mol
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Gas effusion is the process by which gas under pressure
escapes from one compartment of a container to another by
passing through a small opening.


r1 t2 M2
= =
r2 t1 M1

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 Deviations from Ideal Behavior

1 mole of ideal gas

Repulsive Forces
PV = nRT
PV = 1.0
n=
RT
Attractive Forces

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Effect of intermolecular forces on the pressure exerted by a gas.

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Van der Waals equation
nonideal gas

an 2
( P + V2 )(V – nb) = nRT
}

corrected corrected
pressure volume

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