POLICE
POLICE
FRENCH AND
RUSSIAN
POLICE
MODEL
DETECTIVE
PRESENTED BY: GROUP 3
DETECTIVE
INTRODUCTION
Studying police systems from different countries helps us
understand how they fight crime, keep order, and ensure justice. The
French and Russian police models are two examples with unique
features. The French police system is known for being highly
organized and centralized, while the Russian police system has
been shaped by its political and social history. This topic looks at
important aspects of these two systems, such as how they are
organized, their history, the jobs they do, how they hire and train
officers, their ranks, and the problems they face. By comparing
these two models, we can learn about their similarities, differences,
and how they work to keep people safe.
POLICE
ORGANIZATION
FRANCE
• In France, the police force is divided
into two main branches: the National
Police and the National Gendarmerie.
The National Police is responsible for
policing major urban areas, while the
National Gendarmerie focuses on rural
and suburban areas. Both of these
branches are under the control of the
Ministry of the Interior, ensuring a
centralized and uniform system of law
enforcement across the country.
RUSSIA
• In contrast, Russia's police organization, known
as the Ministry of Internal Affairs (MVD),
operates on a more centralized and hierarchical
structure. The MVD is responsible for a wide
range of tasks, including public order
enforcement, criminal investigations, and border
control. The organization is overseen by the
Minister of Internal Affairs, who is appointed by
the President of Russia. The MVD also
encompasses specialized units such as the
Federal Security Service (FSB) and the
Investigative Committee, which work in
collaboration to combat crime and maintain
national security.
• Overall, both the police organizations in France and Russia
are vital components of their respective nations' law
enforcement systems. While France's police force is more
decentralized and locally focused, Russia's police
organization operates on a more centralized and
hierarchical structure. Despite these differences, both
countries place a strong emphasis on maintaining public
order, combating crime, and ensuring the safety and
security of their citizens. Ultimately, the effectiveness of
these police organizations relies on their ability to adapt to
changing societal needs and challenges.
HISTORY OF POLICE
ORGANIZATION
French Police: A Legacy of Evolution
• The French police model has evolved over
centuries, reflecting the changing political
and social landscape of the nation. Its
roots can be traced back to the medieval
period, with the establishment of
constables and watchmen tasked with
maintaining order in towns and cities.
17th Century
The creation of the Maréchaussée
(a mounted police force) by King
Louis XIII, initially focused on
controlling the countryside and
enforcing royal decrees.
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18th Century
The Paris Police Prefecture was
established in 1799 under
Napoleon, laying the foundation for
a centralized police force with a
hierarchical structure.
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19th Century: 20th Century:
The Sûreté Nationale The Police Nationale
(National Security Agency) (National Police) was
was created in 1811, established in 1944,
tasked with investigating merging the existing police
serious crimes and political forces into a single
offenses. This marked a organization. This unified
shift towards a more structure further
professionalized and emphasized the centralized
centralized police force. nature of French policing.
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CENTRALIZATION AND HIERARCHY:
Throughout its history, the French police model has
been characterized by its centralized structure and
hierarchical organization. This approach emphasizes
uniformity, standardization, and a clear chain of
command. This centralization has been attributed to
the French tradition of strong central government and
the need for a cohesive national police force to
maintain order and enforce laws. WORDARTS
Russian Police: A Legacy of Evolution
• The Russian police model has a more
complex history, marked by periods of
significant change and upheaval. Its
evolution has been shaped by the
country's political and social
transformations, including revolutions,
wars, and regime changes.
18th Century
The Imperial Police was
established under Tsar Peter the
Great, initially focused on
maintaining order within the vast
Russian Empire.
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19th Century
The Okhrana (secret police) was
created in 1881 to suppress
political dissent and monitor
revolutionary activity.
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20th Century
The Cheka (All-Russian
Extraordinary Commission for
Combating Counter-Revolution
and Sabotage) was established in
1917 after the Bolshevik
Revolution, tasked with eliminating
opposition and consolidating the
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new regime's power.
Soviet Era
The NKVD (People's
Commissariat for Internal Affairs)
was created in 1934, merging
various security and police
agencies under a single
organization. This marked a period
of centralized control and
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repression under the Soviet
regime.
Post-Soviet Era
The Ministry of Internal Affairs
(MVD) was established in 1991
after the collapse of the Soviet
Union, replacing the NKVD. This
marked a transition towards a
more democratic and less
centralized police system.
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CENTRALIZATION AND HIERARCHY:
The Russian police model has oscillated between
centralization and decentralization throughout its
history. During periods of strong centralized control,
the police were used as a tool for political repression
and enforcement of ideological conformity. However,
after the collapse of the Soviet Union, there has been
a move towards a more decentralized and democratic
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approach to policing.
In conclusion both French and Russian police
models have undergone significant
transformations over time, reflecting the
changing political and social landscapes of
their respective countries. While their
historical trajectories have differed, both
models have grappled with the challenges of
maintaining order, enforcing WORDARTS laws, and
balancing security with individual rights.
FUNCTIONS AND DUTIES OF FRENCH WHOA!
POLICE:
• French police are made up of two forces or main branches, these
are the national civil police and the "national gendarmerie," which
forms part of the military arm of the government, reporting to the
defense minister. The national civil police has functions and duties
in urban areas and the gendarmerie in rural areas.
• French police is more on civil liberties and community policing.
They focused on building relationships with the public to maintain
order, peace and prevent crime. They often engage in effective
measures to address social issues.
FUNCTIONS AND DUTIES OF RUSSIAN WHOA!
POLICE
The Russian police also known as the Ministry of Internal Affairs
(MVD), operates a centralized model with many departments
handling different aspects of law enforcement. The MVD includes
not only regular police but also specialized units for organized
crime, economic crimes, and counter-terrorism.
The Russian police is known to be more authoritarian, wich
focuses on maintaining state security and order. The Russian
police often responding to incidents rather than engaging in
community-oriented strategies.
SIMILARITIES WHOA!
Both models share important duties such as maintaining public
order, preventing crime, conducting investigations, enforcing laws,
and ensuring the safety of citizens.
Both French and Russian police have specialized units to handle
particular types of crime—such as drug trafficking, cybercrime, or
terrorism—reflecting a modern approach to law enforcement
challenges.
Police forces in both countries require intense training for their
officers, focusing on law enforcement techniques, ethics, human
rights awareness, and emergency response.
RECRUITMENT,SELECTI
ON AND APPOINTMENT
FRANCE
RECRUITMENT ABOUT
1.First is candidates must be French citizens, at least 18 years old, and someone
with at least high school diploma or equivalent.
2. Does not have any criminal records without any convictions or ongoing illegal
issues
3.You must meet the medical standards set by the police authorities, which may
include undergoing a medical examination to assess your physical and mental
health.
SELECTION
1.An aspiring police must pass the national competitive examination for police
officers, known as the “Concours de Gardien de la Paix.” It consists of written
tests, physical tests, and an oral interview.
2.If you pass the entrance examination, you will undergo a challenging selection
process, which includes medical and psychological evaluations, background
ME
checks, and interviews.
FRANCE
APPOINTMENT ABOUT
1.Successful candidates will attend the National Police Academy (“École Nationale
de Police”) for training. The training period typically lasts around a year and
covers many aspects of police work, including law, firearms training, self-defense,
and practical exercises.
2.Upon graduation from the police academy, you will be assigned to a specific
police department based on the needs and vacancies within the organization.
R U SS I A
RECRUITMENT
1.Candidates must be Russian citizens, generally at least 18 years old, with varying
educational requirements depending on the position (often a higher education
degree is preferred).
2.Background Checks. Extensive background checks are conducted to ensure
candidates do not have criminal records or problematic backgrounds.
ME
SELECTION ABOUT
1.Examinations. The selection process includes written examinations
that test knowledge of laws, regulations, and practical skills. Physical
fitness tests are also mandatory
APPOINTMENT
1.Selected candidates undergo training at various police academies
(e.g., the Academy of the Ministry of Internal Affairs), where they learn
about law enforcement practices, criminal investigation techniques,
and state security protocols. After completing training, new officers
typically serve an internship under experienced officers to gain
practical experience before being fully appointed.
ME
WORK
EXPERIENCE
TRAINING AND
EDUCATION
• TRAININ
FRANC
G
1.A MY
12-month police academy E combines
program classroom learning with practical
internships. Structured progression from basic to advanced duties, leading to a
departmental diploma.
• EDUCATI
ON
1.National Police Officer (Gardien de la Paix): Minimum educational qualification is the
EXPERIENCE
Baccalauréat (High School Diploma) or equivalent.
2.After recruitment, cadets attend the National Police Academy (École Nationale de
Police) for approximately 12 months of training. The training includes law and ethics
(French criminal law, constitutional law, and police ethics), practical skills (weapons
handling, self-defense, and first aid), community engagement (communication and
conflict resolution skills), and field training through internships at police stations.
RUSSIA
• TRAINING
1.After being selected, new recruits train at a Police Academy (МВД Академия) for 6 to 12 months.
During training, they learn the following:
-Laws: Russian criminal law, administrative law, and legal procedures.
- Physical Skills: Martial arts, fitness exercises, and tactical drills.
- Technical Skills: How to use firearms, drive police vehicles, and investigate crime scenes.
-Public Order: How to control riots, manage large crowds, and handle emergencies. Recruits also gain
real-world experience by working in actual police units during their field training.
• EDUCATION
1.Patrol Officer (Politsiya): Minimum educational qualification is a Secondary Education Certificate
(High School Diploma equivalent). Recruits are required to complete a six-to-twelve-month basic
training program at a Police Academy (МВД Академия).
2. The training includes legal studies (Russian criminal law, administrative law, and procedural law),
physical training (martial arts, fitness, and tactical exercises), technical skills (use of firearms,
driving police vehicles, and crime scene management), and public order training such as riot
control and crowd management.
EXPERIENCE
RANK AND
INSIGNIAS
FRANCE
RUSSIA
POSITION
JOB
NUMBERS
BIG
ISSUES
FRANCE
Police Violence and Deadly Incidents
-French police have faced serious criticism for their use of force, especially following incidents
involving deadly shootings. One of the most notable cases was the death of 17-year-old Nahel,
who was shot by police in June 2023 after failing to stop his car. This event sparked protests
and riots across France, drawing attention to the high number of fatalities involving police. Since
early 2022, at least 15 people have been killed by police in similar situations where they did not
comply with stop orders. This is significantly higher than in other European countries. Experts
say a 2017 law that made it easier for police to use firearms is one of the reasons for this
increase.
Discrimination and Racial Profiling
-Another major issue is racial profiling. A case currently being heard by France’s highest
administrative body, the Council of State, is exposing how police practices disproportionately
target people of Black and Arab descent. This practice, called racial profiling, has been criticized
by local groups and international organizations suchDETECTIVE
as Human Rights Watch and Amnesty
International. While the French government denies that racism is systemic, this case is bringing
these serious accusations to the public’s attention.
CONT...
Reform and Accountability
-In response to these issues, many human rights groups are pushing for changes. They want
the government to eliminate unnecessary identity checks that disproportionately affect certain
groups and to strengthen judicial oversight. They also suggest measures for protecting children
during identity checks and creating an independent system where people can file complaints
against police misconduct. The goal is to reform police practices to prevent discrimination and
improve accountability.
Declining Trust in Police
-The public’s trust in the French police has dropped significantly. Surveys show that more
people than ever before are worried about police behavior. This loss of trust has been fueled by
violent incidents, lack of accountability, and fears that police may act without consequences.
Adding to the problem, a proposed law that would limit the public’s ability to film police officers
has raised concerns about freedom of the press and the ability to hold law enforcement
accountable.
RUSSIA
Russia's police force faces a number of issues, including:
Corruption
-Corruption is a widespread issue in the Russian police force, with some believing it's a result of low
wages. A 2005 study found that almost 60% of police officers had additional jobs to supplement their
income
Understaffing
-Russia has one of the world's largest police forces, but there are still critical shortages. Overstretched
forces Police are sometimes refusing to open cases, even after statements are provided.
Pressure to arrest
-Police may beat confessions out of people, inflate arrest quotas, and falsify evidence.
Low public support
-Over half of the population in Russia admit that they do not trust the police.
CONT...
Other challenges facing Russia's police force include: Abuse of power,
Violence, The legacy of the Soviet Union, The introduction of a poorly
regulated free market economy in 1989, and The nationalization of the fight
against crime. In 2011, former President Dmitry Medvedev initiated police
reforms to improve the efficiency of the police force, decrease corruption, and
improve the public image of law enforcement.
CONCLUSION
The French and Russian police models demonstrate how law enforcement
systems are shaped by a country's history, culture, and political environment.
The French system is centralized and highly structured, emphasizing a clear
chain of command and standardized practices, while the Russian model
reflects a blend of strong political oversight and historical influences that
shape its approach to policing. By comparing these systems in terms of their
organization, roles, recruitment, training, ranks, and challenges, we can
identify both their strengths and areas for improvement. Understanding these
differences and similarities provides valuable lessons that can inform and
enhance policing methods worldwide. This knowledge can help develop more
effective and just law enforcement practices, ensuring safety, accountability,
and fairness for all com nities.
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