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Mendelian
Genetics
Gregor
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Mendel
is an Austrian monk. In a
monastery, he spent his time in
investigating how individual traits
were inherited. Gregor Mendel
used the garden peas (Pisum
sativum) in his experiments
because it has several traits to be
studied, easy to grow, reproduce
through self-pollination.
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Through his research on garden
peas, a new branch of science
was formed, it is called Genetics.
Gregor Mendel then paved the
way for the study of Genetics.
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Genetics
is the study of heredity and the
factors that affect the
transmission of genes to
determine inherited characters
from one generation to the next.
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Heredity
refers to the transfer
of traits genes from
parents to offspring.
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Different contrasting traits of Garden Peas
that Gregor Mendel used in his Study.
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Gregor Mendel’s
Experiment
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Gregor Mendel started cross-pollinating
the peas with contrasting traits. The
pure-breeding peas were called
parental or P1 generation and when
cross-pollinated, the resulting offspring
were called first filial (F1) generation.
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F1 generation
The F1 generation was also
called hybrids because it
resulted from a cross
between two pure-bred
plants with different traits.
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F1 generation
For example, when the pure-breed
round seed was crossed-pollinated
with pure-breed wrinkled seed, all the
offspring produced were all round
seeds. A cross using one trait is
referred as monohybrid cross.
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MONOHYBRID CROSS
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Crossing the Hybrid Plants
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Mendelian Principles of
Heredity
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Gregor Mendel’s results of his experiment
made him hypothesize that there was a factor
in the plants which controlled the appearance
of a trait which he called hereditary “factors”.
He also hypothesized that traits were
regulated by a pair of “factors” now called
alleles. With these findings, Gregor Mendel
was able to formulate the three principles of
heredity.
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The Law of Dominance
The Law of Dominance states that in
every organism, there is a pair of
factors or genes which control the
appearance of a particular trait. One of
the pair of genes/alleles may hide or
prevent the appearance of the other.
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The Law of Dominance
One allele is a dominant trait, while
the other is a recessive trait. The
dominant traits hide or mask the
appearance of the recessive trait. The
dominant trait is represented by a BIG
LETTER and a small letter for the
recessive trait.
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Example:
R for round seed (dominant trait),
r for wrinkled seed (recessive trait)
G for the green pod (dominant trait),
g for the yellow pod (recessive trait).
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The Law of Dominance
Note that in a particular trait, the same
letter will be used for both the dominant
and recessive traits. Since genes are in
pairs, the pure breeding green seed peas
will be represented with letters GG and
the pure breeding yellow seed peas gg.
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The Law of Dominance
There are pairs of alleles which are
identical and are called
homozygous or homozygote
while the pair of alleles which are
not identical are called
heterozygous or heterozygote.
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The Law of Dominance
Each one of us has genes or alleles
that are either homozygous or
heterozygous.
Example:
RR – homozygous genes for round seed
Rr - heterozygous genes round seed
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The Law of Dominance
The pair of genes or alleles is the
genetic makeup for a particular trait
of an organism called genotype
while the phenotype is the
observable trait or the visible trait of
an organism based on the genotype
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The Law of Dominance
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The Law of Segregation
states that all pairs of genes for all the traits of
an organism segregate or separate from each
other during meiosis or gametes (sex cells)
formation. Gregor Mendel argued that for any
trait, an organism must inherit one factor from
the sperm and one factor from the egg. Thus, a
new organism receives one factor for each trait
from each parent.
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The Law of Segregation
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The Law of Segregation
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The Law of Independent
Assortment
states that the distribution or assortment
of one pair of genes is independent of the
distribution of the other pair. Traits are
inherited independent of each other. The
law applies to genes that are found on
separate chromosomes. Thus, one pair of
genes is not affected by the other pair.
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Dihybrid Cross
Aside from Gregor Mendel’s study on
inheritance of one pair of genes or alleles,
he also studied the inheritance of two pairs
of genes or alleles. A cross that involves two
pairs of genes or alleles is called dihybrid
cross. An easy way to do the dihybrid cross
is through the use of PUNNETT SQUARE.
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Punnett Square
Reginald C. Punnett is the one who
devised the Punnett square. This is
a simple way to determine the
possible combinations of genes in a
given cross. It can help you predict
easily the outcome of a given cross.
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