RESPIRATION

IN
HUMANS
 Lesson Objectives
• Define and state:
– Aerobic Respiration
– Anaerobic Respiration

• Describe the effect of lactic acid in muscles

during exercise
 What is Respiration?

Respiration Breathing

Inhaling & Exhaling

???
 Digestion & Absorption

Absorbed into the

blood stream

Starch
Glucose
Maltose
 Respiration
Uptake of glucose
Respiration is the
into cells

release of energy
from food substances Glucose


in living cells


ATP
 What do we use the ENERGY for?

• Muscular Contraction
• Protein Synthesis
• Cell Division
• Transmission of Nerve Impulses
• Heat Generation
 Did You Know That?!
ng
sitti Glu
hr co
ca l/ se
06 fue
e 1 ss ls
sum cla yo
on in ur
u c bra
Yo in

Your brain cells need 2X more

energy than other cells in the body
 Respiration

Aerobic Respiration
What do they mean?

Anaerobic Respiration
 Aerobic Respiration
• Word Equation
Carbon
Large
Glucose Oxygen Dioxide Water amount
of Energy

Definition:
Complete oxidation (breakdown) of food substances
that occur in the presence of oxygen, with the release
of large amount of energy.

Carbon dioxide and water produced as waste products.

 Anaerobic Respiration
• Word Equation (In human muscle cells)
Lactic Small amount
Glucose
Acid of Energy
Definition:
Incomplete breakdown (oxidation) of food substances
that occur in the absence of oxygen, with the release
of small amount of energy

Lactic acid produced as waste products.

Have you ever wondered...
Why do we feel

c i
our muscles
A d
tic
‘burning’ when
c
La we exercise too
vigorously
 -Aerobic Respiration
-Anaerobic Respiration

?
pi r t i s
on
a
ati
Wh
res
 What’s going on in our body??
Oxygen uptake
Recovery stage Lactic acid in blood plasma

rest exercise recovery

blood plasma
Lactic acid in
Oxygen uptake

Anaerobic Respiration

Normal metabolic rate

0 5 15 20 30 45 Time(min)
Why is lactic acid formed during vigorous
exercise?

A c i d
c tic
La
 Vigorous muscular contraction

Muscles need to respire more Increase build-up of CO2

to release more energy
(Glucose + O2 CO2 + H20 Panting to remove carbon dioxide
+ ↑Energy) & take in oxygen at a faster rate

More glucose and oxygen Insufficient oxygen to meet the

needed for respiration vigorous muscular contraction

Heart pumps faster to Anaerobic respiration occurs in

circulate blood around muscles cells, and lactic acid is
the body at a faster rate produced

During recovery, lactic acid is

Converted to glucose/ energy transported to the liver
Gaseous Exchange
Label the parts that involves in breathing
Human Gas Exchange System
1. Air enters through the nose or the mouth

pharynx

larynx
2. Air moves down the trachea

pharynx

larynx
trachea
3. Air enters the left and right bronchi & into the
bronchioles

pharynx

larynx
trachea

bronchi

bronchioles
 4. Air enters the alveoli

pharynx

larynx
trachea

bronchi

alveoli

bronchioles
Aaahhh-Choooo!!!!

What is in there?!

Mucus
Imagine life without mucus
Gland Cells & Ciliated Cells
Gland Cell
Ciliated
Cells
 4. Air enters the alveoli
Alveolus

pharynx

larynx
bronchi
trachea

Alveoli

bronchioles
Adaptation of Alveolus for Gaseous
Exchange
O₂
1 cell thick
alveolar wall

Thin film of
moisture

Blood
capillary
CO₂

Oxyhaemoglobin
 Alveoli
Adaptation of Alveoli: Functions:
a) Numerous alveoli To provide a very large surface area for
gas exchange

a) One-cell thick wall To allow for rapid diffusion of gases

of blood capillary
and alveolar wall

a) A film of moisture To allow for oxygen to dissolve in it

on inner alveolar
surface
a) Densely To maintain a steep concentration gradient
surrounded by for continuous flow of gases through
blood capillaries diffusion between blood and alveoli
 10.4
Breathing
Mechanism

Pure
 Demonstration

Glass tube Glass tube

(bronchus) (trachea)
Balloons Bell jar
(lungs) (thoracic cavity)

Rubber sheet
(diaphragm)

Diaphragm
Relaxed Pure
10.4
What happens when the rubber sheet is pulled down?

Predict the observations:

• Volume of space in bell jar
increases.
• Air pressure in bell jar
decreases.
• Atmospheric pressure is now
higher than the air pressure
inside.
• Air is forced into the balloons
through the tube.

Pure
10.4
Inspiration/Inhalation
External Internal
Intercostal Muscles Intercostal
Contract Muscles Relax

Ribs swing upwards and

outwards

Diaphragm contracts, pulling it down into a

flattened shape
Volume of thorax increases:
• Pressure in thorax drops
• Atmospheric pressure (outside) > Thorax Pressure
(inside)

Air is forced into the lung. Pure

10.4
Expiration/ Exhalation
External Internal
Intercostal relax
Muscles contract
Intercostal
_________. Muscles
__________.
Ribs returns to original
positions.
relaxed and moves __________.
Diaphragm _________ upwards

Volume of thorax decreases:

• Pressure in thorax increases
__________.
• Atmospheric pressure (outside) < Thorax Pressure
(inside)

Air is forcedout
______ of the Pure
10.4
Inspiration
Component of inspired air
• 21% oxygen
• 0.03 % carbon dioxide
• 1% other gases
• 78% nitrogen
• Variable (water vapour
and dust)
• Lower temperature

Pure
10.4
Expiration

Component of expired air

• 16% oxygen
• 4% carbon dioxide
• 1% other gases
• 78% nitrogen
• Saturated water vapour.
• Higher temperature.
• No dust particle / little

Pure
 Common Misconception
(1) During inhalation, the air that enters the lungs
causes the lung to expand.

* During inhalation, the volume of

the thoracic cavity increases,
resulting in a drop in pressure.
The higher atmospheric air
pressure causes air to rush in.

Pure
 4. Air enters the alveoli
Alveolus

pharynx

larynx
bronchi
trachea

Alveoli

bronchioles
 10.6
How is carbon dioxide transported
around the body?

Pure
10.6
• As the tissues undergo aerobic
respiration, carbon dioxide produced
diffuse into the blood and enters into
the red blood cells.

• In the red blood cell, enzyme

carbonic anhydrase are present to
catalyse carbon dioxide and water
to form carbonic acid.

• Carbonic acid is then converted into

hydrogencarbonate ions, HCO3-,
which then diffuses out of the red
blood cells.

• Most of the carbon dioxide is

transported as hydrogencarbonate Pure
ions in the blood plasma.
10.6

In the lung, hydrogencarbonate ions ,HCO3-diffuse

back into the red blood cell, where they are
converted back into carbonic acid, and then carbon
dioxide and water by enzyme carbonic anhydrase.

Carbon dioxide diffuses out of blood capillaries into

the alveoli, and is expelled out when you breathe
out.

Pure
 What’s Wrong!?
Effects of Smoking on the Respiratory System
 Tar

Carbon
Nicotine Monoxide
 Effects of Tobacco Smoke

Nicotine

Stimulate Makes blood clot

adrenaline release easily

↑ Heartbeat & ↑ Risk of blood

Blood Pressure clots
(Your heart works
harder)
 Effects of Tobacco Smoke

Carbon
Monoxide

Combines with ↑ rate of fatty

Haemoglobin deposit in inner
(Irreversibly) arterial wall

Forms ↑ Risk of coronary

carboxyhaemoglobin, heart disease
↓ O₂ Transport
 Effects of Tobacco Smoke

Tar

Carcinogenic Paralyses cilia of air

(Cancer causing) passages

↑ risk of lung cancer Blockage in air sacs

and ↓ gas exchange
efficiency
 Did You Know That?!

46,000 non-smoking Americans die of

heart disease due to 2nd hand smoke!!
 Diseases caused by smoking

1. Chronic Bronchitis (Long Term)

2. Emphysema
3. Lung Cancer
 Emphysema
•Due to persistent violent coughing
 lead to breakdown of alveolar wall

•Experience difficulty in breathing

 Chronic Bronchitis
• Particles in tobacco smoke can cause chronic
bronchitis
– Excessive mucus secreted to trap particles
– But, paralysed cilia cannot function normally
– Airway become blocked
 Chronic Bronchitis
Gland Cell
Ciliated
Cells
Chronic Bronchitis
 Lung Cancer
Apart from lung
cancer, cancers
of the mouth,
throat, pancreas
kidneys and
urinary bladder
are also increased
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