Life processes

Class 10th bio chapter l

What are life processes?

• Life processes a set of interconnected activities within an organism

which collectively contuteute to its repair and maintenance
• These crucial processes involve ( r) respiration (E) excretion (n)
nutrition and (C) transportation.
• Forming the acronym RENT
Nutrition
• The process of intake of nutrients like carbohydrates, fats, proteins,
minerals, vitamin an organism as well as the utilization of these
nutrients by the organisms
Modes of nutrition

• Autotrophic nutrition
• Heterotrophic nutrition
Autotrophic nutrition

• It is the process by which organisms take in simple inorganic

substances from outside and use them to synthesis organic
molecules and then convert them . into stored form of energy.
• For example green plants prepare their food by using carbon dioxide
and water in the presence of chlorophyll and sunlight.
• The organisms having autotrophic mode of nutrition or which can
make their own food are called autotrophs on autotrophic organisms
• Example: green plants and some bacteria
Photosynthesis
• Photosynthesis is the process
Of preparing organic food
(carbohydrates) by
combining carbon dioxide
and water using sunlight in
the presence of chlorophyll. .
• The sugar produced in the
photosynthesis is stored in
the form of starch in plants
and it is the source of
internal energy.
CO2+H20→C6H1206+602
Events occurring during
photosyntheses
• Light energy is absorbed by the green pigment called chlorophyll.
• This light energy is used to split water into hydrogen and oxygen.
• Hydrogen is then reduced to carbon dioxide into carbohydrates,
typically glucose.
 - Stomata
• Stomata are pores on leaves
which help in the exchange of
gases
• They are mostly found on the
underside of the leaf
• Each stomata is guarded by
guard cells,which control the
opening and closing of the
stomata pores.
• The water content is responsible
for their function.
Heterotrophic mode of nutrition

• Mode of nutrition in which organisms derive their nutrition from

other dead ar living plants and animals e.g animals, fungi and most
of bacteria
• Survival of heterotrophic organism depends directly on indirectly on
autotrophs
• Heterotrophic nutrition is classified into three types on the basis of
methods. of food obtaining ie. Holozoic,saprotrophic & parasitic.
Holozoic mode of nutrition

• The mode of nutrition in which the animal & organism take complex
solid food or whole material and breakdown (digest) t 'inside the body
they may be herbivores carnivores or omnivores
Nutrition in
amoeba
• Amoeba feeds with holozoic
mode of nutrition.
• It engulfs food particles using
pseudopodia,the process is
called phagocytosis.
• The engulfed food gets enclosed
in a food vacuole.
• As the engulfed food passes
through the
cytoplasm,digestion,absorption
and assimilation takes place.
• When food vacuole opens
outside,the egestion of u
digested food takes place.
Nutrition in paramecium:

• Paramecium also exhibits holozoic mode of nutrition

• However,they have cilia that help them to engulf the food through
the oral groove
• The food vacuole is created , enclosing the food
• The digestion in the food vacuole is absorbed by the cytoplasm
• Undigested food is given out.
Saprotrophic mode of nutrition:

• In this type of nutrition organisms obtain their food from decaying

organic substances
• They are also called saprothrops
• They breakdown the food material out side the body and then
absorb it
• Example: bacteria fungi
Parasitic nutrition:

• Mode of nutrition in which organism derive nutrition from other

plants and animals without killing them
• Example: cuscuta,amarbel,lice,leeches and tape worm.
Nutrition in
humanbeings
• In humans nutrition begins
with ingestion ,where food is
broken down into smaller
particles through chewing
aided by saliva.
• Saliva contains salivary
amylase, helps in breaking
down starch into simpler
sugar.
• The food then moves down
the oesophagus through
peristaltic movement into the
stomach, where the further
digestion occurs.
Mouth:

• It is the opening of the alimentary canal,and helps in ingestion of

food
• The buccaneers cavity,which is present behind the mouth is also
commonly called the mouth
• The buccaneers cavity has teeth and tongue
• The set of teeth help in crushing the food
• Salivary gland present in the buccaneers cavity release saliva which
makes the food wet.
• Saliva contains salivary amylase which help in digest of starch.
Teeth & oesophagus
• Teeth are the hard structure present in the buccaneers cavity.
• The dental formula in adults is [Link]
• The swallowed food passes into the oesophagus
• It is a muscular tube 25cm long ,with a opening at each end
• Its function is to transport food and fluid,after being swallowed
• Food is pushed down through perastalic movement
Stomach:

• It is a J- shaped organ.
• It receives food from the oesophagus at one end and opens into the
smaller intestine st the other end.
• The inner lining of the Stomach secretes mucus so as to protect the
inner lining of the stomach from the harmful effect of hydrochloric
acid
• Hydrochloric acid creates an environment suitable for the action of
pepsin(helps in digestion of protein)enzyme and kills bacteria
• It also releases gastric juices
• Enzymes present in the gastric juices breakdown the food.
• The stomach secretes hydrochloric acid, which creates acidic
environment for the enzyme pepsin to digest food.
• Food is then gradually released into the small intestine , where
digestion and absorption occurs.
• Digestive juices secreted from the pancreas and liver help break
down proteins,carbohydrates and fats . The small intestine absorbs
nutrients into the bloodstream.
• After absorption,the indigestible waste is moved to the large
intestine, where water is reabsorbed , and the remaining material is
excreted.
Small intestine:

• The small intestine is the longest part of the alimentary [Link] is

about 6-7 meters long(20-23 feet’s)
• Inner surface of small intestine is folded forming finger like
projections called villi which increase the surface area for absorption
of food material
• Most of the chemical digestion and absorption takes place in smaller
intestine
• Has three parts duodenum,jejunum and ileum.
Large intestine

• About 5feet long

• Has 2 regions colon and rectum
• Absorption of water takes place
Pancreas

• Present behind the stomach

• It is one of the major digestive glands and is of mixed
nature,endocrine as well as exocrine
• Secretes pancreatic juices:trypsin,lipase,pancreatic amylase
• Trypsin: digests protein
• Lipase; digests fats
• Pancreatic amylase:digests starch
Liver:

• Secretes bile juice

• Helps making food alkaline
• Largest and major digestive glands
• Located in upper right hand portion of the abdomen
• Is dark reddish brown in colourdue to extensive e blood supply
Respiration
Process by which the
food taken through
nutrition gets oxidised
to release energy for
. ,
various activities.
Human respiratory
system
• When we inhale air it passes
through our nostrils into the
nasal cavity.
• From the nasal cavity the air
reaches our lungs through the
windpipe.
• Lungs are present in the chest
cavity.
• This cavity is surrounded by
ribs on both sides, a large
muscular sheet called
diaphragm forms the floor of ,
the chest cavity.
• Breathing involves the
movement of the diaphragm
Respiratory system:

• Involves nose,nasal cavity,pharynx,larynx ,trachea/Windpipe,bronchi,

bronchioles and alveoli
• Exchange of gases takes place in alveoli
• Alveoli provide a large surface area for exchange of gases