UNDER THE GUIDANCE OF: PRESENTED BY:

Dr. Harish C. Rai GEETA YADAV

FET DEAN, MRIIRS ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
MRIU FARIDABAD MRIIRS FARIDABAD
 Paper published in SCI journal “GEDRAG & ORGANISATIE “ on
topic: “FAILURE ANALYSIS AND PHASE DETERMINATION OF
SMART GRID” doi: 10.37896/GOR33.02/142, paper id: Paper ID:
GOJ/1651
 Paper presented on topic “Grid Clustering and Chaining Protocol
based energy optimization in wireless Sensing nodes” in 2nd IEEE
International Conference on Power Electronics, Intelligent Control and
Energy Systems (ICPEICES) on Oct 22-24, 2018, Page No. 87-90,
Paper ID: 187
 Paper published as “Protocol for Smart grid for two-way
communication” in IEEE 8TH POWER INDIA INTERNATIONAL
CONFERENCE (PIICON) 2018 (NIT Conference), doi:
10.1109/POWERI.2018.8704352
 One more paper almost ready to be submitted to IEEE conference.
Year of Name Title Name Grades Course Short
Registr of work Synopsi
ation supervi Result s
sor
01-08- Geeta Design Dr. Researc CGPA – 02-09-
2016 Yadav of Harish h 8.00 2019
Optimal Rai Method
Energy ology -
Efficient B+
and Quantit
Reliable ative
Smart Techniq
Micro- ues - B+
grid Subject
based
on
Eligibility Long Pre-Phd Researc
Draft Final
Submitted synopsis presentatioh thesis thesis
n Problem submission
- B+
01-02-2021 01-02-2021 Around Feb 01-03-2021 01-06-2021
2021
 To perform extensive literature review of smart grid that
includes study smart grid at generation side to enable the
use of renewable multiple resources, adding automation
at transmission and distribution, study the use and
control of smart appliance at consumer side.
 To study the various routing protocols deployed on home
area network, wide area network and neighborhood area
network.
 To design a new protocol satisfying the need of smart
grid i.e. high energy efficiency and optimal cost.
 To increase the reliability of smart micro grid.
 Introduction
 Grid reliability challenges
 Reliability impacts of major SG resource types
 Ultimate reliability impact of SG resources
Assessment
 IT infrastructure for smart grid
 Synergies with current practices
 Conclusions
 Assessment
 References
 Conclusion
 References
Increasing complexity of power grids
• Growing demand
• Requirement for greater reliability, security,
efficiency
• Environmental and energy sustainability

How to solve this problem

• Advances in communication and information
technology give us a possible solution which
toward a “smarter” grid is widely referred to as
“smart” grid.
What can we get from smart grid:
• Better situational awareness and operator assistance;
• Autonomous control actions to enhance reliability
• Efficiency enhancement by maximizing asset utilization;
• Improved resiliency against malicious attacks
• Integration of renewable resources
• Integration of all types of energy storage and other
resources
• Two-way communication between the consumer and utility
• Improved market efficiency
• Higher quality of service to power an increasingly digital
economy.
The initiatives for smart grid can be
categorized into 5 trends
• Reliability
• Renewable resources,
• Demand response
• Electric storage devices
• Electric transportation.
 Meeting reliability objectives in modern grids is becoming
increasingly more challenging due to various factors such
as:
• Aggravated grid congestion
• More numerous and larger transfers over longer distances
increasing volatility and reducing reliability margins
• The grid being operated at its “edge” in more locations
and more often
• consolidation of operating entities giving rise to larger
“footprints”
• Massive utilization of distributed resources accentuating
complexity and volatility of the grid.
Load Management/Demand Response
Renewable Resources
Storage Devices
Electric Transportation
 Load management involves reduction of load in
response to emergency and/or high-price conditions.
Reduction initiated by the consumer is usually
referred to as demand response. • Demand response
does not substantially change the total energy
consumption since a large fraction of the energy
saved during load curtailment is consumed at a more
opportune time— thus a flatter load profile.
 • Load rejection is an emergency resource to protect
the grid.
 • In addition to capability to flatten the load profile,
demand response can serve as an ancillary resource
to help reliability.
Wind and Solar resources
The variability of wind power is impacted by the
design of the equipment, their location
(transmission line), the wind power forecasting
errors and wind generators present problems
regarding low voltage ride through LVRT.
The two prevailing technologies to harness solar
energy are photovoltaic and thermal.
Large scale solar resources could be far away from
loads and consequently face various transmission
limitations. However, solar resources have a
positive correlation with day time loads.
Wind and solar have adverse impact on grid
reliability due to
Variability and low capacity factors,
Low correlation with load profiles especially for
wind;
Relatively larger forecast errors for longer
horizons
Transmission congestion due to large installations
Distribution congestion due to dispersed resources
Operational performance issues such as voltage
and regulation.
Most of the existing storage resources are hydro and pumped
storage. However, growth potential for these resources is much
smaller than the need for storage necessary to counter
growing net demand variability presented by new wind and
solar resources.
Various storage technologies are emerging to fill the gap.
Battery storage appears to be most promising due to
improvements in technology as well as economies of scale.
Storage tends to make the net demand profile flatter and, as
such, is expected to improve reliability. In addition, most
battery storage devices can respond in subsecond time scales.
Storage of various sizes can be distributed throughout the grid
ranging from end-use customer premises to major substations
and central power stations. This can alleviate congestion in
both transmission and distribution.
The Instantaneous bidirectional communications
among all devices ranging from individual loads to
the grid wide control centers including all important
equipment at the distribution and transmission levels.
This involves processing a vast number of data
transactions for analysis and automation.
Managing the communication burden and resulting
data latency is essential for efficient analysis and fast
control responses and calls for distribution of
intelligence throughout the infrastructure, since
centralized systems are too slow for this purpose. A
distributed system enables local data processing and
minimizes the need for massive data exchanges.
 The addressed architecture calls for distribution and coordination of
the necessary functional tasks in a virtual hierarchy in three
dimensions: • Organizational/control (grid, region, control area,
zone/vicinity, transmission substation, distribution substation, feeder,
customer (load, generation, storage), etc., representing operational
responsibilities; • Geographical area (region 1 j, substation 1 n, etc.);
• Functions (forecasting, alarming, voltage control, etc.).
 Autonomous intelligent agents are deployed, as needed, throughout a
grid-wide computing infrastructure to provide services
 Necessary for the functional tasks in the areas of: • Data acquisition
and model management; • System monitoring (e.g., state estimation,
security analyses, look-ahead/forecasting); • Performance
enhancement (e.g., efficience enhancement, corrective/preventive
actions, security constrained dispatch); • Control (e.g., AGC,
automatic emergency controls, special protection schemes).
These functional tasks potentially apply to every
level, from customer resource, feeder, and
substation to the entire grid. It can respond to
steady-state and transient operating conditions in
real-time more effectively than conventional offline
solutions.
The agents operate at different time scales ranging
from milliseconds to hours corresponding to the
physical phenomena of the power grid. Their
actions are organized by execution cycles. An
execution cycle refers to a set of related functional
tasks performed in a temporally coordinated
manner.
The proposed architecture is in synergy with
current industry practices. Many of the smart grid
technologies are already in place in various ad hoc
implementations. • Wide-area monitoring and
control has been gaining worldwide interest. •
Special protection/remedial action schemes
(SPS/RAS) are proliferating. • State estimation
provides reliable knowledge of the current state of
the power system for use by the operator and other
analytical functions as needed • Demand and
resource forecasting is usually done at a
macroscopic level such as control area and load
zone.
 Based on a critical review of the reliability impacts of
these resources, it is concluded that an ideal mix of the
smart grid resources leads to a flatter net demand that
eventually accentuates reliability issues further. Thus, the
Centrality of meeting reliability challenges in the
realization of the smart grid is underscored.
 This architecture supports a multitude of fail-proof
geographically and temporally coordinated hierarchical
monitoring and control actions over time scales ranging
from milliseconds to operational planning horizon. The
architecture delivers high performance through a virtual
hierarchical operation of a multitude of software agents
and services in organizational, geographical and
functional dimensions.
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