TYPES OF DATA
Variable
is a characteristic, description or attribute
of persons or objects which assume
different values or labels
e.g. height, weight, age, gender, religious
affiliation, civil status etc.,
Classification of Variables
1. Qualitative
yields categorical responses
e.g. civil status, religious affiliation,
excellent, very good, good, fair
2. Quantitative
yields numerical responses
representing an amount or quantity
ex. number of children in the family,
concentration of the plant leaf extract,
HbA1c (amount of glucose attached to
the hemoglobin portion of erythrocytes
in mg/dL)
- can either be:
[Link]
assumes finite or countably finite
values
e.g. 0,1,2,3 etc. and are obtained
through counting
1.2. Continuous
assumes values which are associated
with points on an interval of the number
line. These are obtained by
measurement with corresponding units.
e.g. height, weight, temperature
Classification of Variables
according to Levels of
Measurement
1. Nominal Data
uses numbers or symbols for the
purpose of categorizing subjects into
groups or categories which are
mutually exclusive.
being in one category automatically
excludes one from being a member of
another category
Examples:
gender : male or female
year level : 1st yr, 2nd yr, 3rd yr, 4th
yr
Ward confinement:
I - pediatric
II- surgical
III- ICU
IV- infectious diseases
2. Ordinal Data
the data are ranked or ordered from
bottom to top or high to low
Examples:
PAP smear result has the ff: categories:
1= normal ; 2 = cervicitis ; 3= mild ;
4= moderate 5 = cancerous
Pain assessment
0 = no pain
1 = moderately painful
2 = severely painful
3 = very painful
3. Interval Data
the data are numeric in nature and the
distances between any two numbers are
known
does not have a stable starting point or
absolute zero
Body temperature
- 36.5 degrees celsius
Blood pressure
- 120/80 mm Hg
Platelet count
- 400,000 per micro liter
4. Ratio Data
possess all the properties of the nominal,
ordinal and interval data
numeric in nature and has absolute zero
point
data can be classified, ordered/ranked
Examples:
Patient’s age
Length of hospital stay
Number of capsules taken
5. Raw Data
are in their original form and structure
e.g. responses from surveys, taped
interviews, recorded observations
6. Grouped Data
are those placed and summarized in tabular form
example:
Class Interval Frequency
0-4 2
5-9 1
10-14 5
8
Seatwork # 1
emmanuelpardinan01@[Link]
A. Classify the following variables as
Qualitative or Quantitative. If it is
quantitative, classify it further as Discrete
or Continuous:
1. Income
2. Grade in Biology
3. Preference on Death Penalty
[Link] in an Organization
5. Type of Newspaper read
6. Blood pressure
7. RBC count
8. Cholesterol level
9. Years of teaching experience
10. Courses taken in College
B. Classify the following data as: Nominal,
Ordinal, Interval or Ratio:
1. Political party affiliation
2. Brand of soft drinks
3. Telephone area code
4. Temperature
5. Car plate number
6. MCWD bills
7. Grade point average
8. Number of student drop-outs
9. Family name
10. Mobile phone number
METHODS OF DATA
COLLECTION
1. Observation Method
data are obtained by mere observation
of the behavior of persons, objects but
only on a particular time occurrence
e.g. prostitutes in Junguera, Cebu City
2. Experimental Method
useful when one collects data for cause
and effects studies under controlled
conditions
e.g. Larvicidal Effect of Marigold leaf
extract against Aedes mosquito Larvae
3. Registration Method
the respondents provide the necessary
information in compliance with existing
laws
ex. car registration, birth registration,
voter’s registration
4. Direct or Personal Interview
there is a person to person contact
between the interviewer and interviewee
has a higher response rate but can only
be administered to the respondents one at
a time
5. Indirect or Questionnaire Method
uses questionnaire or data gathering tool
has a lower response rate but can be
administered to a large number of
respondents simultaneously
SAMPLING TECHNIQUES
is to draw sample units systematically at
random rather than examining every
member of the population
Types:
[Link] Sampling Techniques
method of selecting a sample size (n)
from a universe (N) such that each
member of the population is represented
has an equal chance of being included in
the sample and all possible combinations
of size (n) have an equal chance of being
selected as the sample.
a prerequisite for random sampling is a
complete listing of the population
Types:
[Link] Sampling
assigning numbers to each member of the
population
ex. raffle draw
[Link] of Random Numbers
the selection of each member of the
population is left adequately to chance.
Types:
1. Direct Select Method
is used when there are only few sample
units to be selected
2. Remainder Method
is used when the direct select method can
not be applied
3. Systematic Sampling
uses prior knowledge of the individuals
comprising a universe in order to increase
precision
representation of samples
e.g. every 4th, 7th, or 10th item.
K=N
n
N= 100 ; n=10
The value of n may be obtained by dividing the
total number of elements in the population
by the desired sample size. Thus,
N= 100 = 10th
n 10
Therefore, the 10 sample units are those
persons holding the ff. numbers:
10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90 and 100
4. Stratified Sampling
this is a form of random sampling in
which the population is divided into non-
overlapping subpopulations called as
strata.
5. Cluster or Area Sampling
involves dividing the population into non-
overlapping clusters
e.g. investment habits of working parents
in a given region
e.g. a college unit of a given university
6. Multi-Stage Sampling
a sampling procedure wherein the
population is divided into a sequence of
sampling units corresponding to different
sampling stages
STATISTICAL NOTATIONS
AND OPERATIONS
mathematical shorthand used to express
measures in statistics
Non-Probability Sampling
Techniques
do not utilize random sampling, these
include the following:
1. Purposive Sampling
2. Quota Sampling
3. Convenience Sampling
the most convenient way of choosing the
sample size is using Slovine’s formula:
n = N
1 + Ne 2
Where:
n - the sample size
N - the population size
e - the margin of error which is usually set
at 0.05 (5% margin of error)
Example:
How many samples must be taken from a
population consisting of 1000
respondents?
n= N
1 + N e2
= 1000 = 1000
1+ (1000) (0.05)2 1+ (1000) (0.0025)
= 1000 = 1000
1+2.5 3.5
= 285.71 or 286 respondents
Supposing that the 1000 respondents are
distributed as follows:
College of Nursing 350
College of 150
Engineering
College of Education 200
C AS 300
Total N= 1000
How should the n= 286 samples be
allocated to the four groups of
respondents? To do this, the percentage
contribution of each group of respondents
be used in order to allocate the sample
allocation.
CN = 350 = 0.35 = 35% x 286 = 100.1 or
100
1000
CEn = 150 = 0.15 = 15% x 286= 42.9 or 43
1000
CEd = 200 = 0.20 = 20% x 286= 57.2 or 57
1000
CAS = 300 = 0.30 = 30% x 286= 85.8 or 86
1000
Sample size allocation for each group of respondents :
Respondents Population % Sample Size
from Size Contribution
CN 350 35% 100
C Eng 150 15% 43
C Ed 200 20% 57
CAS 300 300% 86
N= 1000 100 286
PRESENTING AND DESCRIBING
DATA
1. Textual
the presentation is in the narrative or
paragraph form
data are within the text of the paragraph
Example:
Nominally, the peso improved by 1.4 % as of
April 14, 2008 compared to its label in
2006 followed by the Thai baht, which
gained 0.86 %; Indonesian rupiah, .68%;
and Taiwan dollar, 0.2 %.
2. Tabular
makes use of arrows and columns like a
frequency table or frequency distribution
data are presented in a systematic and
orderly manner, which catches one’s
attention and may facilitate the
comprehension and analysis of the data
presented
Quiz Score Frequency
20 1
19 4
18 4
17 18
Total 27
