WHAT IS SELF IN THE VIEW OF

PSYCHOLOGY?
 An important aspect of
understanding the Self is Self-
Awareness.
CARL ROGERS’ SELF
THEORY: Real and
Ideal Self
Self-Concept –
refers to the image
Selfof oneself and
– flexible
changing
perception of
CARL ROGERS’ SELF
THEORY: Real and
Ideal Self
Self develops from
interactions with
significant people and
others and self -
awareness
CARL ROGERS’ SELF
THEORY: Real and
Ideal Self

According to Rogers,
human beings are
always striving for
self-fulfilment, or
self-
actualization.
CARL ROGERS’ SELF
THEORY: Real and
Ideal Self
• When the needs of
the self are denied,
severe anxiety may
result.
• Self-Concept is
essential in
 CARL ROGERS’ SELF
THEORY: Real and Ideal
Self of Self-
• Two components
Concept : Real Self and the
Ideal Self
• Real Self – consists of all
ideas , including self-
awareness of “what I am”
and “what I can do”.
• Ideal Self – the person’s
conception of what one
should be or wanted to be
 CARL ROGERS’ SELF
THEORY: Real and Ideal
Self of Self-
• Two components
Concept : Real Self and the
Ideal Self
• Real Self – consists of all
ideas , including self-
awareness of “what I am”
and “what I can do”.
• Ideal Self – the person’s
conception of what one
should be or wanted to be
IDEALIZED SELF REAL SELF

NORMAL

IDEALIZED SELF REAL SELF

NEUROTIC
9
 CONGRUENCE INCONGRUENCE
Consistency between Inconsistency between
the real self and ideal the real self and ideal
self self
Leads to self-worth and Leads to distress and
a productive life anxiety
 CARL ROGERS’ SELF
THEORY: Real and Ideal
• According Self
to Carl Rogers,
parents can help their children
achieve congruence by
showing them unconditional
positive regard or
unconditional Love.
• People who receive
unconditional positive regard
are those who receive love
without conditions. These
people have the opportunity to
LIFE IS ABOUT
BEING AND
BECOMING.
HOW DO YOU FEEL WHEN
YOU FACE A
CHALLENGING
SITUATION?
ALBERT BANDURA: Social
Cognitive Theory
• Humans have the ability to
act and make things
happen.
• People are self-regulating,
proactive, self-reflected,
and self-organizing and
that they have the power
to influence their own
actions to produce desired
consequences.
• Human Agency is the
ALBERT BANDURA: Social
Cognitive Theory
Core Features of Human Agency
(Agentic features as a person):
• Intentionality – this refers to acts
done intentionally
• Forethought – to anticipate the
possible outcomes of action
• Self-Reactiveness – this involves
making choices and choosing
appropriate courses of action
• Self-Reflectiveness – This refers
to the person’s ability to
evaluate the adequacy of his
own thoughts and actions.
ALBERT BANDURA: Social
Cognitive Theory
SELF-EFFICACY : Most crucial self-
reflective mechanism
- People who believe that they can
do something are more likely to
be successful than people with
low self-efficacy.
SELF-REGULATION : This refers to
people’s ability control and monitor
their own behavior.
- People with high levels of self-
efficacy will have the capacity to
regulate their own behavior.
PEOPLE’S BELIEFS ABOUT
THEIR ABILITIES HAVE A
PROFOUND EFFECTS ON
THOSE ABILITIES.
 ERIK ERIKSON:
Psychosocial Stages of
• In Development
Erikson’s theory,
proposes that individuals
go through eight
psychosocial stages of
development.
• The person goes through a
psychosocial crisis which
could create a positive or
negative outcome for
personality development.
 ERIK ERIKSON: 8
Psychosocial Stages of
Development
1. Basic Trust VS Basic
Mistrust (Infancy 0-1 year)
- infant’s most significant
interpersonal relations are
with the primary caregiver,
ordinarily their mother.
- Trust = Hope & Mistrust =
Insecurity or Anxiety
VIRTUE : HOPE
 ERIK ERIKSON: 8
Psychosocial Stages of
Development
2. Autonomy VS Shame and
Doubt (1 – 3 years old)
- if parents allow their children to
explore, the children will become
more confident and secure in
their own abilities. If not,
children may become overly
dependent and feel a sense of
shame or doubt.
Autonomy = WILL & Shame and
Doubt = Feelings of Inadequacy
VIRTUE : WILL
 ERIK ERIKSON: 8
Psychosocial Stages of
Development
3. Initiative VS Guilt (Play
Age 3-5 y/o)
- A child who made to feel
irresponsible might develop guilt
feelings.
- Initiative occurs when parents
allow their children to explore
within the limits and support
their choices. If manages well it
will result for the children to
have a sense of Purpose.
VIRTUE : PURPOSE
 ERIK ERIKSON: 8
Psychosocial Stages of
Development
4. Industry versus inferiority
(School Age 6-12 y/o)
- As children learn to do things well,
they develop a sense of industry.
Especially when children are
encouraged in their efforts. But if
children receive little or no
encouragement from parents or
teachers, they acquire a sense of
inferiority.
Virtue : COMPETENCE
 ERIK ERIKSON: 8
Psychosocial Stages of
Development
5. Identity versus Identity
Confusion (Adolescence 12-
20 y/o)
- The main task is to develop a
sense of self.
- Adolescence is an adaptive phase
of personality development, a
period of trial and error. They are
confronted with many roles and
responsibilities
VIRTUE : FIDELITY
 ERIK ERIKSON: 8
Psychosocial Stages of
Development
6. Intimacy VS Isolation
(Young Adult 20-40 y/o)
- Erikson believed that it is vital
for people to develop intimate
relationship with others.
- Those who are successful at this
stage will form relationships that
are stable and successful. If not,
mistrust and isolation may
develop.
VIRTUE : LOVE (the basic strength
of young adult)
 ERIK ERIKSON: 8
Psychosocial Stages of
Development
7. GENERATIVITY VS
STAGNATION (Middle
Adulthood 40-60 y/o)
- The time when people begin to
take their place in society and
assume responsibility for
whatever society produces.
- Those who fail to attain generativity
will feel worthless.
VIRTUE : CARE
 ERIK ERIKSON: 8
Psychosocial Stages of
Development
8. INTEGRITY VS DESPAIR
(Late Adulthood 65 - beyond )
- HOW HAVE I DONE?
At this stage, individuals reflect on
the important events of their lives.
If they are satisfied and feel proud
of their accomplishments, they will
feel a sense of integrity. Those who
are unsuccessful during this stage
will feel that their life has been
wasted and will experience regrets
and despair.
 THE MORE YOU KNOW
YOURSELF, THE MORE
PATIENCE YOU HAVE FOR
WHAT YOU SEE IN
OTHERS.
Thank you and
may God be
Praised!