Synchronous motor
Ref:
Electric machinery fundamentals, Chapman
Chapter 5
WORKING PRINCIPLE
Synchronous motors are synchronous
machines used to convert electrical power to
mechanical power
Electrical Mechanic
power al power
Basic construction
Stator (the stationary part) : electrical power
is supplied to it
Rotor (the rotary part) : mechanical power is
drawn from it
Working principle
The field current IF of the motor produces a
steady-state magnetic field BR
a three-phase set of currents in an armature
winding produces a uniform rotating
magnetic field Bs.
Two magnetic fields present in the machine,
and the rotor field will tend to line up with
the stator field,
Rotating magnetic field
Stator and rotor field
Equivalent circuit of synchronous motor
Phasor diagram
Phasor diagram of syn
gen Phasor diagram of syn motor
synchronous speed and Induced torque
The speed of rotation of the motor is locked
to the rate of rotation of the magnetic fields.
and the rate of rotation of the applied
mechanical fields is locked to the applied
electrical frequency. so the speed of the
synchronous motor will be constant
regardless o/the load.
Effect of load changes
Load increases
Motor slows down
Angle between BR and
Bnet /torque angle
increases
Increase in δ increases
τ
Rotor again speeds up
again
Effect of field current changes
V curve
Under excited motor
When EA cosδ< V
a synchronous motor has a lagging current
and consumes Q.
Since the field current is small in this
situation, the motor is said to be under
excited.
Over excited motor
when EA cosδ > V
a synchronous motor has a leading current
and supplies Q to the power system.
Since the field current is large in this
situation, the motor is said to be overexcited
The synchronous motor power factor
correction
solution
The Synchronous Capacitor or
Synchronous Condenser
some times in the past a synchronous motor
was purchased and run without a load, simply
for power factor correction
Since there is no power being drawn from the
motor, the distances proportional to power
(EA sinδ is zero .
Starting synchronous motor
Basic approaches to start a motor
1. Reduce the speed of the stator magnetic field to
a low enough value that the rotor can accelerate and
lock in with it during one half-cycle of the magnetic
field's [Link] can be done by reducing the
frequency of the applied electric power.
2. Use an external prime mover to accelerate the
synchronous motor up to synchronous speed. Go
through the paralleling procedure, and bring the
machine
on the line as a generator. Then, turning off or
disconnecting the prime mover will make the
synchronous machine a motor.
3. Use damper windings or amortisseur windings.
The function of damper windings and their use in
motor starting will be explained below.
Motor Starting by Using Amortisseur
Windings
Amortisseur windings are special bars laid
into notches carved in the face of a
synchronous motor's rotor and then shorted
out on each end by a large shorting ring.
Amortisseur winding
initially that the main rotor field winding
is disconnected
As the magnetic field Bs sweeps along in
a counterclockwise direction, it induces a
voltage in the bars of the amortisseur
winding
Summary of amortisseur winding
1. Disconnect the field windings from their
DC power source and short them out
2. Apply a three-phase voltage to the stator
of the motor. and let the rotor accelerate up to
near-synchronous speed. The motor should have
no load on its shaft, so that its speed can
approach nsync as closely as possible.
3. Connect the dc field circuit to its power
source. After this is done, the motor will locked
into step at synchronous speed, and loads may
then be added to its shaft.
Difference between syn generator and
motor
