Scribd
Upload
47 views22 pages

Genetics

Genetic mutations are changes in the DNA sequence that can occur in somatic cells or gametes, with various causes including errors in DNA replication and exposure to mutagens. Mutations can be neutral, harmful, or beneficial, and they can be classified into chromosome mutations and gene mutations, each with specific types such as deletions, duplications, and point mutations. Understanding mutations is crucial as they can impact an organism's survival and contribute to diseases like cancer.

Uploaded by

dundayohane70
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
47 views22 pages

Genetics

Genetic mutations are changes in the DNA sequence that can occur in somatic cells or gametes, with various causes including errors in DNA replication and exposure to mutagens. Mutations can be neutral, harmful, or beneficial, and they can be classified into chromosome mutations and gene mutations, each with specific types such as deletions, duplications, and point mutations. Understanding mutations is crucial as they can impact an organism's survival and contribute to diseases like cancer.

Uploaded by

dundayohane70
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

GENETIC

MUTATIONS
WHAT ARE GENETIC
MUTATIONS?
• A mutation is a change in the DNA sequence of
an organism.
• Changes in the nucleotide sequence of DNA
• May occur in somatic cells (aren’t passed to
offspring)
• May occur in gametes (eggs & sperm) and be
passed to offspring
CAUSES OF MUTATION

• Mutations can result from:


• Errors in DNA replication during cell division
• Exposure to mutagens
• A viral infection.

• Most genes are relatively stable and mutation is


a rare event.
ARE MUTATIONS HELPFUL
OR HARMFUL?

• Mutations happen regularly


• Almost all mutations are neutral
• Chemicals & UV radiation cause
mutations
• Many mutations are repaired by
enzymes
ARE MUTATIONS HELPFUL
OR HARMFUL?

• Some type of skin cancers and


leukemia result from somatic
mutations
• Some mutations may improve an
organism’s survival (beneficial)
TYPES OF MUTATIONS

1. CHROMOSOME
MUTATION

2. GENE MUTATION
1. CHROMOSOME
MUTATIONS

• May Involve:
• Changing the structure of
a chromosome
• Change number of
chromosome
• The loss or gain of part
of a chromosome
CHROMOSOME MUTATIONS

• Structural change:
• Deletion
• Inversion
• Translocation
• Duplication
• Number change:
• Nondisjunction/disjuction
DELETION

• Due to breakage
• A piece of a
chromosome is lost
INVERSION
• Chromosome
segment
breaks off
• Segment flips
around
backwards
• Segment
reattaches
DUPLICATION

• Occurs when a
gene sequence
is repeated
TRANSLOCATION
• Involves two
chromosomes that
aren’t homologous
• Part of one
chromosome is
transferred to
another
chromosomes
NONDISJUNCTION

• Failure of chromosomes to
separate during meiosis
• Causes gamete to have too many
or too few chromosomes
• Examples:
• Aneuploidy
• polyploidy
CHROMOSOME
MUTATION
ANIMATION
GENE MUTATIONS

• Involve changes
• To the DNA sequence of a
single gene
• Change in the nucleotide
sequence of a gene
• May only involve a single
nucleotide
• May be due to copying errors,
chemicals, viruses, etc.
TYPES OF GENE
MUTATIONS
• Include:
• Point Mutations
• Frameshift
POINT MUTATION

• Change of a single nucleotide


• Includes the deletion, insertion, or
substitution of ONE nucleotide in a
gene
• Examples:
• Silent Mutations
• Missense Mutations
• Nonsense Mutations
FRAMESHIFT
MUTATION
• Inserting or deleting one or
more nucleotides
• Changes the “reading frame”
like changing a sentence
• Proteins built incorrectly
AMINO ACID
SEQUENCE CHANGED
GENE MUTATION
ANIMATION

You might also like