Review
What is your main key take away from research title
presentation?
What are the revisions and corrections made
mention by the panelists?
Are there corrections on the following?
1. Research Title
2. Background of the Study
3. Statement of the Problem
4. Significance of the Study
5. Definition of Terms
6. Scope and Delimitation of the Study
7. References
8. Formatting
LITERATURE
REVIEW
Activity: Let’s fill this in: K-W-H-L Chart
K W H L
What do I Know What do I want How can I find out What did I
about Literature to find out? what I want to
learn? learn?
Review?
Analysis
1.What is the hardest part of writing the literature
review?
2.Compared to other sections of the paper, do you
think the literature review is easier or more difficult?
3.Share your own literature review experiences,
challenges, and triumphs?
Research Topic
● Before considering what literature to use in a project, first identify a topic to study
and reflect on whether it is practical and useful to undertake the study.
● The topic is the subject or subject matter of a proposed study. Describe the topic
in a few words or in a short phrase.
● The topic becomes the central idea to learn about or to explore.
● Once the researcher identifies a topic that can and should be studied; the search
can begin for related literature on the topic.
What is a Literature Review?
A literature review is NOT just a list of
summaries.
A literature review establishes what
has been done in the field and what
still needs to be done. It serves to
connect your research to existing
knowledge.
Remember:
Writing is a social practice. How
might your literature review serve as a
conversation between the scholars
that have come before you?
Literature Review
The literature review shares with
the
reader the results or other studies that are
closely related to the one being undertaken.
It relates a study to the larger,
ongoing dialogue in the literature, filling in
gaps and extending prior studies (Cooper,
1984; Marshall & Rossman. 2006).
lt provides a framework for
establishing the importance of the study as
well as a benchmark for comparing the
results with other findings.
All or some of these reasons
may be the foundation for writing the
scholarly
literature into a study.
The Literature Review
Quantitative research a substantial
amount of literature at the beginning
of a study to provide direction for the
research questions or hypotheses.
It is also used there to introduce a
prob- lem or to describe in detail the
existing literature in a section titled
"Related Literature" or "Review of
Literature," or some other similar
phrase.
LITERATURE REVIEW
The literature review can
introduce a theory an explanation for
expected relationships.
Describe the theory that will be used,
and suggest why it is a useful theory to
examine.
At the end of a study, the literature is
revisited by the researcher, and a
comparison is made between the
results with the existing findings in the
literature.
In this approach the quantitative
researcher uses the literature
deductively as a framework for the
research questions or hypotheses.
The Literature Review
Literature reviews can be integrative, in
which the researchers summarize broad
themes in the literature. This model is
popular in dissertation.
A theoretical review focuses on extant
theory that relates to the problem under
study. This form appears in journal articles
in which the author integrates the theory
into the introduction.
A methodological review focuses on
methods and definitions. These reviews
may provide both a summary of studies
and
a critique of the strengths and weaknesses
of the methods sections. This is not seen
frequently today in dissertations and theses.
(Copper, 1984)
In a quantitative study plan, use the literature to introduce the study, describe related
literature in a separate section, and to compare findings.
If a separate review is used,
consider whether the
literature will be integrative
summaries, theoretical
reviews, or methodological
reviews. A typical practice in
dissertation writing is to
advance an integrative
review.
Steps in conducting a literature review
Go to the library and begin
Identify keywords useful in searching the catalog for holdings
locating materials in an (journals and books). Computerized
databases that are typically Set a priority on the search for
academic library at a college or
01 university. These key words
may emerge in identifying a
02 reviewed by social science
researchers are ERIC. PsycJNFO. 03
journal articles and books
because they are easy to
Sociofile. the Social Science locate and obtain.
topic or may result from
preliminary readings. Citation Index, Google Scholar,
ProQuest.
Assemble the literature review,
Create a visual picture (or figure)
structuring it thematically or
of groupings of the literature on
Skim this initial group of articles organizing it by important
0 or chapters and duplicate those
that are central to your topic.
05 the topic that illustrates how your
particular study will contribute to 06 concepts. End the literature
review with a summary of the
the literature, positioning your own
4 study within the larger body of
research.
major themes and suggest how
your particular study further
adds to the literature.
Research tips for searching computer databases
Use both the free, online Locate an article that is close to Place refereed journal articles
literature databases as well as your topic, then look at the terms high on the list because they
those available through your used to describe it, and use are the easiest to locate and
academic library. these terms in your search. duplicate. They also report
research about a topic.
Search several databases, even Use databases that provide
if you feel that your topic is not access to full-text copies of your Dissertations are listed lower in
strictly education, as found in articles (through academic priority because they vary
ERIC, or psychology, as found libraries or for a fee) as much as considerably in quality and are
in PsycINFO. Both ERIC and possible so that you can reduce the most difficult reading
PsycINFO view education and the amount of time searching for material to locate and
psychology as broad terms for copies of your articles. reproduce.
many topics.
Caution should be used in
Use guides to terms to locate choosing journal articles on the
your articles, such as a Web unless they are part of
thesaurus, when available. refereed online journals.
Develop some keywords that you could
Research topics use in a search of databases to find
academic articles on the topic.
The effect of the number of hours of sleep
and taking multivitamins on student’s
achievement.
Bullying between peers in the workplace.
Gender identity and self esteem among
senior high school students
Let’s practice
A literature review can be published
as a separate article in a peer-
reviewed international journal.
Literature review paper format
Title
Abstract
Keywords
ntroduction
Method
Discussion
Conclusion
References
HOW TO
WRITE
THE
LITERATURE
HOW TO WRITE THE LITERATURE REVIEW
Creswell, 2012
5 COMPONENTS OF A LITERATURE REVIEW
1. An introduction
2. Topic 1 (about the independent variable)
3. Topic 2 (about the dependent variable)
4. Topic 3, (studies that address both the
independent and dependent variables)
5. A summary
03
THEORETICA
L
FRAMEWOR
K
What is a Theoretical Framework?
It is the ‘blueprint’ or guide for a research. It is a framework based on
an existing theory in a field of inquiry that is related to the study. It is a
blueprint that is often ‘borrowed’ by the researcher to build his/her own
research inquiry. It serves as the foundation upon which a research is
constructed.
(Grant & Osanloo, 2014)
DEVELOPING THE THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK
(Vinz, 2015)
Theories are developed by researchers to explain By “framing” your research within a clearly
phenomena, draw connectionsand make defined field, you make the reader aware of the
predictions. In the theoretical framework, you assumptions that inform your approach, showing
explain the theories that support your research, the rationale behind your choices.
showing that your work is grounded in
established ideas. The adoption and adaptation of a theory must
In a thesis or dissertation, the theoretical reflect the understanding of the researcher
framework is sometimes integrated into a literature regarding the study and must drive the study
review chapter, but it can also be included as its (Simon & Goes, 2011).
own chapter or section
Your problem statement, research questions and
There are no fixed rules for structuring a literature review will serve as the basis for
theoretical framework. The important thing is to preparing your theoretical framework.
create a clear, logical structure.
As in all other parts of your thesis, make sure to
properly cite your sources to avoid plagiarism.
04
CONCEPTUAL
FRAMEWORK
What is a Conceptual Framework?
The conceptual framework presents an integrated way of looking
at a problem under study. In a statistical perspective, the
conceptual framework describes the relationship between the main
concepts of a study. A conceptual framework can be graphical or in
a narrative form showing the key variables to be studied and the
presumed relationships between them.
(Liehr & Smith, 1999; Miles and Huberman, 1994)
DEVELOPING THE CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK
(Swaen, 2015)
Before you start collecting data, construct a
A conceptual framework illustrates conceptual framework to show exactly which
what you expect to find through your variables you will measure and how you expect
research. It
them to relate
defines the relevant variables for your study
and maps out how they might relate to each to each other.
other.
A conceptual framework can be designed in
You should construct a conceptual many different ways. The form yours takes will
framework before you begin collecting data. depend on what kinds of relationships you
It is often represented in a visual format. expect to find.
DEVELOPING THE CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK
(Swaen, 2015)
Independent and Dependent variables
To test a cause-and-effect relationship, we need to identify ü To visualize our expected cause-and-effect relationship,
at least two key variables: IV & DV Example use the basic design components of boxes and arrows.
IV: hours of study – expected cause (aka the ü Each variable appears in a box.
predictor or explanatory variable). ü To indicate a causal relationship, each arrow should start
DV: exam score – expected effect (aka the response or from the IV (the cause) and point to the DV (the effect).
outcome variable).
In other words, “exam score” depends on “hours of study.” Our Independent Dependent
hypothesis is that the more hours a student studies, the better Variable Variable
they will do on the exam.
Hours of Exam
Causal relationships often involve several independent variables Study Score
that affect the dependent variable. However, to keep things
simple, we’ll work with just one independent variable, namely
“hours of study.”
THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK
It provides a general or broader set of ideas within It refers to specific or narrower ideas a researcher utilizes
which a study belongs. in
his/her study.
It is based on existing theory/theories in the literature It is based on the concepts which are the main variables in a
which has been tested and validated by other study.
scholars.
It is in the form of a model that pivots a It is a researcher's own constructed model that s/he uses to
explain the relationship that exists between the main variables in
study, with its exponents and the results his/her study.
of their studies. It can also be an adaptation of a model in an existing theory
which
a researcher adapts to suit his/her research purpose.
It is well developed, designed and accepted. Its design is not accepted, but it's a proposal of the researcher's
answer to the research problem s/he has defined.
It offers a focal point for approaching the It is the framework that shows logically how the research inquiry
is to be undertaken.
unknown research in a specific field of inquiry.
It consists of theories that seem interrelated It consists of concepts interconnected to explain the
with their propositions deduced. relationships between them and how the researcher
asserts to answer the research problem defined.
It is used to test theories, to predict and control the It is aimed at encouraging the development of a theory that
situations within the context of a research inquiry. would
be useful to practitioners in the field.
The position of conceptual framework in research
The conceptual framework is mostly placed in the chapter where the
literature survey was discussed. It is in this chapter that the theoretical
perspectives of the main variables or constructs are rigorously
reviewed. In most dissertation or thesis papers, the literature survey is
discussed in chapter two.
THAN
K
YOU
