Science, Technology,
and Society
Chapter 4: Industrial Revolution n the 17th
century
THE AGE OF ENLIGHTENMENT
(18th Century)
• Is a period in Europe in the 18th Century
• Writers and thinkers began to question established
beliefs.
• These beliefs include the authority of kings of the
Church, in favor of reason and scientific proof.
• The idea developed that everyone was of equal
value and had equal rights
Copernican Revolution
• Nicolaus Copernicus
• Heliocentric theory
Notable contributions of ancient astronomers to the
development of• the
Aristotle (384-322 B.C., Greek)
universe.
Proved that the earth is spherical
• Earth was at the center of the
universe, i,e, sun, planets and stars
were located in sphere that revolved
around the earth
Aristarchus (310 -230 B.C., Greek) The first to proposed the idea that the
sun was the center of the universe.
Hipparchus (190 – 120 B.C., Greek) • Considered to be the greatest
astronomer of ancient times
• Measured earth’s distance to the
mon
• Discovered the wobbling of the
earth.
Claudius Ptolemy (85-165 A.D., Greek) Geocentric Theory
Nicolaus Copernicus (1473-1543, Concluded that the sun and not the
Polish) earth is the center of the universe.
Galileo Galilei (1564 -1642, Italian) Supported Copernican Model of the
Universe
Freud/s Structural Model of the
Mind
• Ego – drives a socially acceptable way to satisfy the
demands of id as it operates the conscious and
unconscious mind.
• Id – compromises Eros, the life or survival instinct and
Thanatos the death or destructive instinct of man.
• Super-ego- operates based of the principles of morality
that drive man to become socially responsible and behave
in an acceptable manner. It basically means that super-
ego drives a man to follow the rules and resolves the
conflict between ego and the id.
Freud/s Structural Model of the
Mind
Freud’s Topographical Model of
the Mind
Darwinian Revolution
• Charles Darwin
• Theory of Evolution
• Natural Selection a drawn-out, complex process
involving multiple interconnected causes
a. Overproduction
b. Competition and selection-competition
c. Environmental change
Freudian Revolution
• Sigmund Freud (1856 – 1939)
• Psychoanalytic Theory - Explain how human and mind
works. Cure its mild mental illness.
• He developed topographical and structural model of the
mind to basically explain the sources of human behavior.
Information Age
• Communication – defined as the act or process of using
words, sounds, signs, or behaviors that express ideas,
thoughts, feelings, and exchange information.
• Computers and the World Wide Web (WWW)
• Alberts and Papp’s paper entitled The Information Age
a. First Modern Information Revolution
b. Second Modern Information Revolution
c. Third Modern Information Revolution
First Modern Information Revolution
(Mid-19th Century)
• The invention of telegraph by Samuel Morse
(1791-1872)
• Alexander Graham Bell (1847-1922) patented the
first telephone.
• Guglielmo Marconi (1874 – 1937) first radio.
Second Modern Information Revolution
(Mid-20th Century)
• Lee DeForest (1872-1961) early generation
computers wee made available to everyone.
• Philo Tyler Farnsworth (926-1931) Television as
one of the vest commination tools.
• Sergci Korolev (1957) Artificial satellites were
built and linked the world.
Third Modern Information Revolution
(1980’s)
• Also known as “Knowledge Revolution”
• This period is only about the development of
communication-related technologies the improved society.
Mesoaamerican Period
(1200 B.C. -3rd Century A.D.)
• Mesoamerica comes form the greek word mesos meaning
“in the middle”
• This period is characterized by the following civilizations
a) Olmecs (1500 B.C. – 400B.C)
b) Mayans (300 B.C – 900 A.D)
c) Aztecs (12th – 15th Century)
d) Middle East (17th Century)
Mesoaamerican Period
Olmecs (1500 B.C. – 400B.C)
• Top of the society are priests and nobles
• Normal people lived in farming village
• Carved colossal heads from volcanic rocks
• Invented calendar carved hieroglyphic writing into stone
Mesoaamerican Period
Mayans (300 B.C – 900 A.D)
• Develops methods of farming
• Organized into city-state without political unity but
bounded economically
• Developed numbering system including place value and
the concept of zero
• Developed hieroglyphic form of writing to record all
observations, rituals and religious matter but was burnt
during the Spaniards conquerors.
• Developed a solar calendar with 365 days and ritual
calendar with 260 days.
Mesoaamerican Period
Aztecs (12th – 15th Century)
• Built chinampas or “floating gardens” to plant crops
• Built empire which has aruler with his council conssting of
nobles, priest, and military leaders.
• Developed a calendar with 365 days and a ritual calendar
with 260 datas
• Believed that illness is a punishment from the gods but
still uses herbs and medicine for treatment.
Mesoaamerican Period
Middle East (17th Century)
• Geographic location that extends from Egypt to Afghanistan
where Islam arose.
• Islam – Arabic word meaning “submission to God” the book
Qur’an (“Koran”)
• (Muhammad)
• The five pillars of Islam
1. Witness (Shahada)
2. Worship(Salat)
3. Fasting(Sawm
4. Tithing(Zakat)
5. Pilgrimage(Hajj)
Contributions to Geography
• Salat prayers require knowledge in geography to know the direction
of the Qublah, i.e., the direction that should be faced when Muslims
pray.
• In 1166, Al Idrisi produced very accurate maps including a world
map that has continents, mountains, rivers and famous cities.
• Al-Muqdishi, a geographer, also produced an accurate colored map.
• Muslims are great navigators for the expeditions of other countries.
• Ferdinand Magellan and Christopher Columbus imported Muslim
navigators.
Contributions to Mathematics
• Muslims invented symbols to express an unknown
quantity.
• Made use of zero and decimal system.
• Muhammad ibn Musa al-Khwarizmi (early 9th
century), one of the first directors of the House of
Wisdom, introduced algebra in solving equation.
Medical Contributions
• Arabs used cadaver (corpse) in studying and
understanding human anatomy and physiology.
• Abu-'Ali al-Husayn ibn-'Abdallah Ibn-Sinä or Avicenna (ca.
970-1037) wrote an encyclopedia of medical knowledge.
This work was translated into Latin and was used as a
textbook in Europe up to seventeenth century.
• Abu Bakr Muhammad ibn Zakariyya al-Razi (854-925 CE)
spearheaded the construction of the first Islamic
Bimaristans (hospital).
African Revolution
• Africans made use of the first method of counting.
• The modern concepts of mathematics that is globally accepted and
used today in high schools was first developed in Africa.
• Used advanced techniques for furnace that made it fuel efficient
which was 200 to 400°C hotter compared to 1600°C-furnace used
by the Romans..
• Created the building of Zimbabwe and the 11 interconnected rock-
hewn churches of Lalibela in Ethiopia which are considered as
wonders of the world.
• Observations on Sirius A and B by Dogon people.
African Revolution
• Cushitic people used their knowledge of stars and constellations to
calculate and establish an accurate calendar.
• Pioneered some medical practices like installation of false teeth, filling of
dental cavities, broken bone setting, bone traction (realignment of bone),
vaccination, brain surgery, skin grafting, and autopsy.
• Made use of plants like the bark of salix capensis as source of aspirin,
kaopectate for treating diarrhea and Rauwolfia vomitoria as source of
reserpine for hypertension and snakebite.
• Built boats in varying sizes with the largest that can carry a load of 80
tons.
