MCN401 - INDUSTRIAL SAFETY ENGINEERING

Text
1.R.K. Jain
Books:
(2000) Industrial Safety, Health
and Environment Management Systems, Khanna Publications.
2.Paul S V (2000),Safety management System
and Documentation training Programme handbook, CBS Publication.
3.Krishnan,N.V. (1997). Safety management in Industry. Jaico
Publishing House, New Delhi.
4.John V. Grimaldi and Rollin H.Simonds. (1989) Safety management.
All India Traveller Book Seller, Delhi.
 Text
Books:
5. Ronald P. Blake. (1973). Industrial safety. Prentice Hall, New Delhi.
6.Alan Waring. (1996). Safety management system. Chapman &
Hall, England.
7.Vaid, K.N., (1988). Construction safety management. National Institute
of Construction Management and Research, Mumbai.
8.AIChE/CCPS. (1992). Guidelines for Hazard Evaluation
Procedures. (second edition). Centre for Chemical Process Safety, American
Institute of Chemical Engineers, New York.
Module I (Safety Introduction)
Module II (Personal Protection in Work Environment)
Module III (Safety Issues in Construction)
Module IV (Safety Hazards in Machines)
Module V (Hazard Identification and Analysis)
 MODUL
E 1
SAFETY INTRODUCTION
 Module I (Safety
Introduction)
Need for safety. Safety and productivity. Definitions: Accident,
Injury, Unsafe act, Unsafe Condition, Dangerous Occurrence,
Reportable accidents. Theories of accident causation. Safety
organization- objectives, types, functions, Role of management,
supervisors, workmen, unions, government and voluntary
agencies in safety. Safety policy. Safety Officer-responsibilities,
authority. Safety committee-need, types, advantages.
 What is Industrial safety?

Industrial safety is primarily a management activity which is

concerned with
 Reducing
 Controlling
 Eliminating hazards from the industries or industrial units.
 SAFE
TY
•Safety is the prevention of accident and the mitigation of
personal injury or property damage which may result from
accident.
•Safety is a condition resulting from the modification of human
behavior and/or designing the physical environment to reduce
the possibility of hazards, there by reducing accidents.
 Need for
Safety
There is a requirement of industrial safety in order to prevent any kind
of incident resulting in the accidents causing loss of life and permanent
disability of the employees in the organization, damages to machines
and material which can cause the organizational level losses.
 SAFETY : FROM WOMB TO

TOMB
Home Safety
 Child Safety
 Road Safety
 Office Safety
 Industrial Safety
 Construction Safety
 IMPORTANCE OF SAFETY

A safe and healthy workplace not only protects workers from injury
and illness, it can also lower injury/illness costs, reduce
absenteeism, increase productivity and quality, and raise employee
morale.

Safety is the state of being "safe"

 Productiv
ity
Productivity is a measure of economic performance that compares the
amount of goods and services produced (output) with the amount
of inputs used to produce those goods and services.
Safety and Productivity: Two Sides of the
Same
The resultsCoin
of a safe workplace create transformational benefits to
morale, motivation and overall organizational productivity. Although
seemingly different, safety and productivity are quite closely related.

 Safe environments minimize lost time

Business relies on employees; injury or illness directly increases
lost time which negatively impacts productivity.
Employees are necessary to maintain optimal efficiency,
providing safe processes, equipment and conditions keeps them happy
and at work keeping production moving.
 A culture of safety engages employees
A safety culture encompasses procedures, process,
equipment, facilities and most importantly attitudes.
Introducing a safety culture and encouraging adoption from the
whole organization will increase productivity.
 A boost in staff morale and engagement
Safe processes and working conditions go hand-in-hand with
ideal operational conditions and output. When the area being
worked in, the equipment they are using and the processes they are
following are safe and certified, employees can focus on their work,
instead of the possible dangers they may encounter.

A safe, well organized and clean organization

is an efficient one, efficiency breeds productivity.
 Four Es of Safty
 Education: To increase awareness and knowledge about
potential hazards and safe practices.

 Engineering: To design and modify tools, systems, and

environments to eliminate or reduce hazards.
 Enlistment: To ensure safety rules, standards, and laws are
followed.
 Encouragement: To prepare for and respond to accidents or
unexpected incidents effectively.
 Definitions

Accident
Accident may be defined as an unplanned, non controlled
and undesirable event or sudden mishap which interrupts an
activity or a function which has the potential to cause injury or
property damage.
 Definitio
ns
Injury
Injury may be defined as the bodily hurt sustained as the result of
the accident such as laceration, abrasion, wound, fracture etc.
 Definitio
Unsafe Act ns
It may be defined as a departure from an accepted, normal or correct
procedure or practice that leads to an unnecessary exposure to a hazard.
Examples:
(a) Operating without authority or warning such as closing switches,
operating valves without authority, operating hoists and cranes
without warning
(b) Operating or working unsafely such as driving too fast, throwing material
or tools at other workers, jumping from vehicles or platforms, or
unnecessary haste.
(c) Unsafe loading, placing or mixing such as overloading cranes and winches,
carrying too heavy a load, leaving objects where they are likely to fall,
improper packing, combining chemicals to form a dangerous mixture.
 (d)Working on dangerous equipment such as cleaning, oiling
or adjusting moving machinery and working on live
electrical equipment that could conveniently be de-energized.
(e)Distracting, teasing, startling such as practical joking,
horseplay quarrelling or annoying
(f) Failure of use of Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)
(g)Use of rings in fingers, carrying metallic pen, wristwatch,
coins, keys in the pocket while working inside any panel, open
tank, exposed equipment etc.
 Definitio
Unsafe Condition ns
It may be defined as any physical
condition that if left uncorrected, leads to an accident.
Examples:
(a) Unguarded equipment such as unshielded moving parts of
machines, saws, compressor belts, etc., un-barricaded floor
opening and excavations.
(b) Defective material or equipment, poorly constructed scaffolding,
damaged tools, electrical hand tools without proper insulation.
(c) Unsafe design and construction
(d) Improper illumination such as insufficient light or unsuitable
location of lamps producing glare or objectionable shadows
Unsafe Conditions may Result from:

• Environmental Conditions
• Hazardous Materials Used
• Inadequate Design, Layout or Condition of Plant or Equipment
• Hazardous Work Procedures or Methods of Work
• Inadequate Information and Training

Unsafe Acts may Result from:

• Inadequate Knowledge or Skill

• Inadequate Supervision
 Definitio
ns
Reportable Accident
Any accident in a factory which causes any bodily injury by
reasons of which the concerned worker is prevented from working for a
period of 48 hours or more, it become reportable accident.
 Definitions
Dangerous occurrence
Dangerous occurrences are certain unintended, specified events, which
may not result in a reportable injury, but which do have the potential to cause
significant harm.

Any occurrence at a place of employment that did not result in, but
could have resulted in the death of a worker or required a worker to be
admitted to a hospital as an patient for 72 hours or more, which includes:
• Structural failure or collapse
• Failure of a crane
• An accidental contact with energized electrical conductor
• An uncontrolled spill
• Failure of an elevated platform
 Why do Accidents Happen?
 To prevent accidents, need to know why accidents happen and
what causes
them.
 Common Causes of Workplace Accidents:
• Lifting
Many employees are prone to sprain, strain or tear a muscle by
virtue of lifting an object that is too heavy for them to lift on their
own. Keep in mind that there is no harm in asking for help with
objects that are difficult to lift.
• Fatigue
Failing to take a break is another common cause of accidents. In
order to recover from grueling manual labor, it is essential that
employees take adequate breaks. Not doing so can lead to a slew of
physical issues, including atrophy and general exhaustion. The
• Dehydration
Not staying hydrated can also bring about disastrous
consequences. On exceptionally hot summer days, failing to drink
adequate amounts of water can cause heat stroke or cardiac
conditions. This can be avoided by simply drinking at least eight
glasses of water per day. Management should stress the
importance of proper hydration and rest, as it maximizes the
efforts of personnel.

• Poor Lighting
Inadequate lighting is responsible for a number of accidents each
year. This is often overlooked when attempting to
prevent accidents in the warehouse or workplace.
• Hazardous Materials
Improper handling of hazardous materials or not wearing
personal protective equipment (PPE) is another common cause of
accidents in the workplace.
By reading material safety data sheets(MSDS) and
providing the
appropriate protective attire, many workplace incidents can be
avoided.

• Acts of Workplace Violence

Sadly, violence among co-workers has become all too common. It
is usually
brought about by office politics or other sensitive issues.
Integrating conflict resolution and peer mediation
• Trips and Falls
Slick floors and high-traffic corridors can cause a trip or fall.
Improper footwear may also contribute to these accidents, which
not only can result in injuries but also workman’s compensation-
related cases.

• Stress
Stress is one of the leading causes of death. It affects the human
body in every facet imaginable. Stress can foster negative
effects physiologically, emotionally and mentally, as well as
debilitate or distract any worker. Therefore, it is essential to
encourage a supportive team environment.
Theories of Accident Causation
 Theories of Accident Causation

• There are several major theories concerning

accident causation, each of which has some
explanatory and predictive value.
• Models based on these theories are used to predict and
prevent accidents.
• Accident theories guide safety investigations. They
describe the scope of an investigation.
 Theories of Accident Causation

1. Domino Theory developed by H. W.

Heinrich
2. Human Factors Theory
3. Accident/Incident Theory
4. Epidemiological Theory
5. Systems Theory
6. Behavioral Theory
7. Combination Theory
 1. Heinrich's Domino Theory

• Herbert W. Heinrich, an early pioneer of accident

prevention and industrial safety.
• In the late 1920’s, studying reports of 75,000
workplace accidents, he concluded the
following:
 88% of accidents are caused by unsafe acts
committed by fellow workers
 10% of accidents are caused by unsafe
conditions
 2% of accidents are unavoidable
• Contemporary research considers domino theory as
outdated however today’s more widely accepted
theories can be traced back to Heinrich’s study.
 Heinrich's Domino Theory

According to Heinrich, an "accident" is one factor in a

sequence that may lead to an injury.
• The factors can be visualized as a series of dominoes standing
on edge; when one falls, it will push the other down all
tumbling toward injury.
• Each of the factors is dependent on the preceding factor.
 Domino Theory: 5 factor accident sequence

1. Ancestry and Social Environment (Negative character traits that

may lead people to behave in an unsafe manner can be inherited
(ancestry) or acquired as a result of the social environment)
2. Fault of Person (Negative character traits, whether inherited or
acquired, are why people behave in an unsafe manner and
why hazardous conditions exist)
3. Unsafe acts and mechanical or physical hazards (Unsafe acts
committed by people and mechanical or physical hazards
are the direct causes of accidents)
4. Accident (Typically, accidents that result in injury are caused by
falling or
being hit by moving objects)
5. Injury (Typical injuries resulting from accidents include
lacerations and fractures)
• If you eliminate any one of the first four factors then you will
prevent the injury.
•
 Domino Theory- Two central points:

 Injuries are caused by preceding factors

 By removing the unsafe act or hazardous condition, the action
of these
preceding factors is negated and the accidents/injuries are
prevented.
 Heinrich's Axioms of Industrial Safety

1. Injuries result from a series of preceding factors.

2. Accidents occur as the result of physical hazard or an unsafe

act.

3. Most accidents are the result of unsafe behavior.

4. Unsafe acts and hazards do not always result in immediate

accidents and injuries.

5. Understanding why people commit unsafe acts helps to

establish
guidelines for corrective actions.
 Heinrich's Axioms of Industrial Safety
6. The severity of the injury is largely fortuitous and the accident
that caused it
7. is preventable.prevention techniques are analogous to best quality
Best
accident
productivity techniques.
/
8. Management should assume safety responsibilities.
9. The supervisor is the key person in the prevention of industrial
10. accidents.
Cost of accidents include both direct costs and indirect costs.
Heinrich believed any safety programs taking all 10 axioms into consideration
will likely be effective.
 2. Human Factors Theory

• The Human factors theory of accident causation holds that a chain

of events
that is or was caused by consistent human error lead to an
accident.

• Factors that lead to human error are:

 Overload (action that exceeds the ability of component to

handle the amount)

 Inappropriate Response

 Inappropriate Activities
  Overload

• Worker’s Capacity : product of such factors as a

person’s natural ability, training, state
of mind, fatigue, stress, and physical condition.
• Load : consisting of tasks for which a person is responsible
• Overload : an imbalance between a person’s capacity
at any given time and the
load that the person is carrying in a given state.
Overload results from
 Environmental Factors -
Noise, Climatic, Lighting, Distractions, etc.
 Internal Factors -
Personal Problems, Emotional Stress, Worry
 Situational Factors -
Risk level to high, Unclear Instructions, Novelty, etc.
 Inappropriate Response
How a person respondsto a given situation can cause
orprevent an
accident. Inappropriate response occurs when:

 A person detects a hazardous condition but does nothing to

correct it
A person disregards an established safety procedure
(Removing safeguards from machines and equipment,
Ignoring safety rules)
 Inappropriate Activities

• Performing tasks without requisite training.

Not trained to do the job that is being done. This is a lack of
new worker orientation as to the appropriate, safe and efficient way
to perform the task for which the person was hired.

• A person who misjudges the degree of risk involved in a given task

and
proceeds on that misjudgment.
 3. Accident/Incident Theory

• Extension of human factors theory

• Developed by Dan Petersen
• New elements:
 Ergonomic traps (management failure)
 The decision to err (personal failure)
 Systems failures (management failure)
 Accident/Incident Theory
• Some of the reasons why systems may fail:
1. Management does not establish a comprehensive safety policy
2. Responsibility and authority with regard to safety are not clearly defined
3. Safety procedures, such as measurement, inspection, correction, and
investigation, are ignored or given insufficient attention.
4. Employees do not receive proper orientation
5. Employees are not given sufficient safety training
 4. Epidemiological Theory

• Epidemiology: Study of causal relationships between environmental

factors and disease.
• Epidemiological theory holds that the models used for studying and
determining these relationships can also be used to study casual
relationships between environmental factors and accidents.
• Components:
- Predisposition Characteristics
- Situational Characteristics
 5. Systems Theory

• System – a group of regularly interacting and interrelated

components that
together form a unified whole.
• An accident arise from interactions among : Person, Machine &
Environment
• The likelihood of an accident to occur is determinedby how
these
components interact.
• Example: A worker who temporarily replaces an experienced crane
operator
increases the probability of an accident.
Systems
Theory
•Factors should be considered before collecting
weighing risks and
which making a decision:
information,
– job requirements
– the workers’ abilities and limitations
– the gain if the task is successfully
accomplished
– the loss if the task is attempted but fails
– the loss if the task is not attempted
 6. BEHAVIORAL THEORY
• Referred to as Behavior-based safety (BBS)
 7 basic principles of BBS:
1. Intervention
2. Identification of external factors
3. Motivation to behave in the desired manner
4. Focus on the positive consequences of appropriate behavior
5. Application of the scientific method
6. Integration of information
7. Planned interventions
 7. COMBINATION THEORY

• Often the cause of an accident cannot be

adequately described by one
theory.

• Differences between the theory and reality may exist.

• Combination theory helps explain the actual cause of an accident

by combining different parts of several theories.
Classification of
accidents
• Accidents may be classified according to the severity,
durability and degree of the injury.
1. Near Misses
2. Minor accidents
3. Reportable accidents
4. Major accidents
5. Catastrophic accidents
Near
misses
A sudden and unexpected event or series of
events that contains or contain something that can
cause injury or damage, but due to fortuitous
circumstances does not have injurious consequences.

58
Minor
accidents
• All those accidents that are less harmful in nature to the worker.
• Preventing employees from working for the period less than 48 hours
from the time of accidents.
• These accidents are not reported to the higher management.
• Easily controllable.

59
Reportable
accident
• Little complicated than minor accidents.
• Any accident in a factory which causes
any bodily injury by reasons of which
the concerned worker is prevented
from working for a period of 48 hrs or
more it become reportable accident.
• Here supervisor is responsible to report to
the higher management and
arrange another worker so that the
production could not be affected.
Major
accident
• An accident causing death or permanent or prolonged disability
to the injured employee is called major accident.

Catastrophic accident
• Involving a major uncontrolled emission, fire or
explosion that causes significant
damage, injuries and/or fatalities onsite and have
an outcome effect zone that extends into the
surrounding community.
61
Safety Organization- Objectives, Types
 Safety Organization

Safety organization can be defined as the structure and process by

which groups of people (employees) are divided into sections or
departments, each section or department is assigned specific safety
function or duty. Authority and responsibility of everybody is clearly
defined and interrelationship between them is specified for the
accomplishment of organizational safety goals.
• A large unit may have safety department which may have groups
of people
for division of such safety function and responsibilities.

• But in a small unit (majority) if such division is not possible and

only a few persons are available for safety work, they will be
assigned specific duty and other departmental heads
(production, purchase, personnel etc.) will be explained their
role and responsibility towards safety goals.

• All supervisors shall be integrated with safety as part of their

duty.

• ‘Safety is everybody’s duty’ will beexplained to

 Objectives of Safety Organization

 To prevent accidents in future

 To provide safe work environment

 Safety consciousness

 Integrate safety policy with job process(idea, plan,

action)

 Compliance of rules as per safety act

 Ensure and modify on identified risk

 Objectives of Safety Organization
 Training to ensure safety

 Invite co-operation and suggestions from the employees(Team work)

 To take measures after accidents

Safety effectiveness depends on attitude of top management and ability of safety

professional

(Top Management “is a person or group of people who directs and controls an
organization at the highest level.” It is also states that “Top management has the
power to delegate authority and provide resources within the organization.”)
 Types of Safety Organization
1. Line, military, scalar or vertical
organization.

2. Staff organization.

3. Functional organization.

4. Product organization.

5. Project organization.

6. Matrix organization, and

7. Committees.
 Line Organization
• Directs policy of the plant
President • Overall responsibility for safety of workers,
responsibility for production
• Delegates authority from the president
to carryout accident prevention
functions
General
Manager
• Delegates authority to supervisors
according to their position and control in
production process
Superintendent • Involves in the safety program within
his
• department or unit safety and conducts job instruction
Supervises workers’
Foreman training to improve workers’ efficiency

• Responsible to do the work by considering the safety

Worker factors under the supervision of superiors
 Line Organization

• Delegates safety responsibilities which parallel the supervisor’s

production assignments, both as to control of personnel and the
physical conditions in the work area

Advantages
 Clearly responsibility for safety at each
defines
supervision level of management and
 Integrates safety as part of
production
 Line Organization

Disadvantages
 Unless some specific person is designated to keep up with new
developments by attending outside safety conferences and training
courses, progress is apt to be unsatisfactory
 In-service safety training is seldom given
 The chief executive may not have time to give enough attention to the
overall safety
program
 Supervisors, occupied with other production problems, may have little
opportunity to acquire special knowledge needed to accomplish a
high standard of safety performance
 Lack of attention and planning may lead to a tendency to correct
accident causes
after the accident has occurred
 Staff Organization
• It consists of a line organization with specialized personnel to
advise and assist all
management levels
• Includes a safety director,production engineer, and other
specializedpersonnel
reporting directly to the general manager
 Staff Organization
Advantages
 Safety director has specialized experience in the organization and
operation of an
accident prevention program
 Safety director may beauthorized to take
immediate corrective action in case of
extremely hazardous operations
 Safety director may represent management at conferences and meetings
and keep
abreast of new methods and procedures
 Safety director keeps top executives informed on status of safety
program
 In-service training is made possible
 Safety program carried through production organization
 Staff Organization
Disadvantages

• Cost of added personnel (safety director, stenographic help, office

supplies). Does
not fit small plants

• Tendency of management and supervision to

neglect responsibility for safety, leaving it to the safety director
 Role of Management, Supervisors,
Workmen, Unions, Government in Safety
 Role of Management in Safety

 It is the responsibility of the management to ensure that

a safety manual is
prepared which shall include the following:

a) Occupational Safety and Health(OS and H) policy outlining the

commitment of the management for establishing, maintaining,
monitoring and reviewing the various elements of the Safety
Management System
b) Safety organization at plant level with responsibilities
c) Safe procedures for carrying out various activities
Role of Management in Safety
e) Procedure for obtaining permission to work for
carrying out operations
which may affect the safety of the human beings
f) Accident reporting and investigation
g) Plans and procedures to achieve the objectives and targets
set by the management
h) Feed back system for management review at a prescribed
frequency
i) Appointment of competent persons for carrying out
inspection, testing, and certifying various equipments,
structures and environment for carrying out jobs safely
 Role of Management in
Safety
 The management shall also ensure the Health, Safety and Welfare of all
workers while they are at work in the plant by implementation of
following aspects:
a) The provision and maintenance of plant and systems of work in the
plant that are
safe and without risks to health
b) The arrangements in the plant for ensuring safety and absence of risks
to health in connection with the use, handling, storage and
transport of articles and substances
c) The provision of such information, instruction, training and
supervision as are necessary to ensure the health and safety of all
workers at work
d) The provision of suitable personal protective equipments, safety
 Role of Management in
e)
Safety
The provisionof First aid and in-house medicalfacilities and
further medical
treatment facilities to the workers whenever injured while at work.

f) The provision of carrying out regular safety inspection of plant and

machinery and
arranging periodical internal and external safety audits.

g) The provisionof conducting investigation of accidents

and to implement the
recommendations of the investigation team.

h) The provision, motivating the workers on the safety awareness

programmes.
Role of Management in Safety
1. Design safer systems of work

2. Exhibit commitment

3. Inspect the workplace

4. Establish procedures and

controls

5. Develop training programs

6. Set up health and safety

committees
 Role of Supervisors in Safety
i. Ensuring that safety and health issues brought to their attention are
resolved in a timely manner.

ii. Walking routinely through their areas of responsibility and soliciting

input from
employees on safety and health issues.
iii Communicating to employees the status of safety items, that is, the
.
results of inspections, of incident investigations, trending data,
resolution of safety concerns, upcoming events, etc.

iv. Allocating the necessary resources to ensure

the appropriate integration of
safety measures with work tasks.
 Role of Supervisors in Safety
v. Participating in the development and communication
of unit safety, health
goals, and action plans.

vi. Ensuring that the employees are represented on

the unit level employee
safety team and periodically attending the team meeting.

vii. Ensuring that employees are aware of all the physical and chemical
hazards in the workplace and how they are controlled to prevent
injury.

viii. Allowing employees to participatein inspections,investigations,

hazard
 Role of Supervisors in Safety

ix. Organizing and personally attending monthly safety meetings.

x. Beginning safety meetings with safety share.

xi. Ensuring that employees understand and can explain the following: stop
work authority, discipline policy, safety policy, etc.

[Stop Work Authority(SWA): Stop Work Authority (SWA) provides employees and
contract workers with the responsibility and obligation to stop work when a perceived
unsafe condition or behavior may result in an unwanted event.]
xii. Holding employees accountable for their safety contributions, and
providing
constructive feedback as needed throughout the year.
 Role of Workmen in Safety
As a worker, he/she should keep the following personal responsibilities in
mind:

i. The worker must not remove any safety equipment from machines or
equipment. This includes shields from grinders, mixers, etc.

ii. Theworker must have had adequate instruction about

a piece of machinery or
iii The worker before
equipment must make sure
he use it. that no machine, equipment, or tool is
.
used in a way that would cause injury to someone else.
 Role of Workmen in Safety

iv. The worker must make sure that there are safe entrances to
and exits
from the workplace

v. The worker must make sure that the work area is safe for the
movement
of workers, equipment, and materials.

vi. Theworker must wear protective eyewear when

using grinders and other equipment that may be
hazardous to the eyes.
 Role of Unions in Safety
i. Surveying membership on their workplace health and safety concerns
ii. Conducting investigations of injuries, illnesses, and near misses

(Near miss: A near miss is an unplanned event that has the potential to cause, but
does not actually result in human injury, environmental or equipment damage, or an
interruption to normal operation)

iii. Monitoring workplace conditions.

iv. Educating members and leaders about specific health and safety issues.
v. Developing strategiesfor gettingissues concerningworker health and
safety
addressed.
vi. Filing and following up on OSHA (Occupational Safety and Health
 Role of Government in Safety
• In order to ensure industrial safety, government has made number of
legislations which governs the safety of personnel and equipment in
industrial units in the country
- Factories Act 1948
- Indian Electricity Act 1884
- Mines Act 1952
- Indian Boilers Act 1923
- Workmen’s Compensation Act 1923
- Indian Electricity Act 1910
- Petroleum Act 1934
 Role of Government in Safety
• The legislation alone cannot ensure safety in industrial operations

• Effective approachto prevention of accidents and

promotionof safety consciousness in industry is also
to be achieved

• This is possible by adopting proper control measures including:

- Safe designs of machines and processes

- Use of protection devices and personal protective

equipments

- Effective Safety procedures and practices

-
 Role of Government in Safety

To assure safety to workers and eliminating chances of damage to

machinery and
equipment, Indian Standards Institute has done commendable job

i. Safety precautions to be taken during manufacturing operations

ii. Requirements for effective maintenance of tools and equipments

iii. Standards for proper layout, proper lighting and ventilation of factory
building

iv. Guidance on safe welding and cutting, use of

powered industrial trucks, belt
conveyors, fire fighting equipments
 Role of Government in Safety
vi. Classification of hazardous chemicals and use of accident prevention
tags and pictorial markings for handling and labeling of dangerous
goods

vii. Safety codes for handling acids and other chemicals

viii. Safety requirements for personal protective equipments

ix. Standards for fire safety in industrial buildings and safety

procedures to be followed in electrical work and use of electrical
appliances in hazardous area and explosive atmosphere

x. Specifications for protective clothing, safety helmets, face shields

and safety equipment are for eyes, ears, lungs, hands, feet and
legs. Eg:- eye and ear protectors, gas mask, gloves, safety boots
and shoes for mines and heavy metal industries
 Safety Policy

An organization’s safety policy is a recognized, written

statement of its commitment to protect the health and safety of the
employees, as well as the surrounding community

Safety policy also details the measures the company takes and
will take to protect the life, limb, and health of their employees ,
often surpassing the requirements set out by the laws or by the
standard practices of the industry
 Safety Policy

There are generally three sections in a safety policy:

1. Statement of the policy – The employer’s commitment to managing

health and safety and the goal of the policy

2. Responsibility – Stating who is responsiblefor implementing,

enacting, and
tracking each element of the policy

3. Arrangements or procedures – Outlines the details of procedures

including the reduction of hazard policy
 Safety Policy
• It may also include details about the following:

 Employee training

 Use of administrative controls, hazard isolation,

lockingwarnings, signs and
symbols marking hazards, etc.

 Use of personal protective equipment

 Removing hazardous materials or replacing them with less harmful

alternatives

 Improved lighting and working environment

 Prevention of slip, trip, and fall incidents

 Safety Policy

Safety policy should cover some, or all, of the

following items:

 Risk assessments

 Consultation with employees

 Maintaining plant and equipment

 Safe handling and use of substances

 Information, instruction and supervision

 Safety Policy

 Responsibility and delegation of authority

 Worker/staff training

 Accidents, first aid and physical and mental

ill-health
 Monitoring hazards and risks
 Emergency procedures

 References to documen (Eg: register procedure wor

accompanying ts - s, s, k
instructions, training
materials)
 Safety Officer

 Safety officer is assigned to:

• Prevent accidents
• Respond to emergencies
• Evaluate the effectiveness of the company’s safety program
 Safety officer identifies safety hazards, investigates them
thoroughly, and controls them before someone gets hurt
 ‘Head’ of the safety department and, in most organizations,
reports to the Chief Operations Officer
 Also checks if the safety program is working effectively and
efficiently to
meet all requirements of OSHA standards
 Role or Responsibilities of Safety Officer

a) To formulate safety procedure, safety policy, safety requirements

and standard of the company
b) To promote schemes to guarantee observance of legal
requirements
c) To act as chairman or secretary or, in any other capacity on the
works safety committees
d) To promote formation of such committees, where they do not
exist
e) To administer safety suggestion schemes
f) To organize safety education, training, publicity at various
levels of
company’s operations
 Role or Responsibilities of Safety Officer
g) To investigate the causes of industrial injuries and the circumstances
leading to
accidents

h) To prepare and circulate accident stabilities

i) To act in close liaison with governmental and non-governmental

agencies

j) To co-ordinate the safety effort of the company in every possible way

k) To assess critically the safety performance of the organization and if

necessary,
conduct safety training programmes and feedback sessions on an
ongoing basis
 Safety Committee
 A safety committee is an organization group that operates within a
workplace and is composed of members from its various
departments, including management, frontline workers, and office
staff.

• Main purpose – to mitigate the risk of workplace injuries and

illnesses.

• Informing and educating employees about safety issues

• Setting achievable safety goals for the organization

• Fostering a safety culture among the workforce

 It should include employees from all levels of the company, from

 Functions and Duties of a Safety Committee
 Developing written safety programs
 Promoting safe work practices

 Facilitating safety training

 Performing workplace inspections

 Carrying out accident investigations

 Acting as a point of contact between employees and

management

 Reviewing injury and illness records

 Increasing awareness about workplace safety issues

 Identifying hazards and recommending appropriate control

 Importance of Establishing a Safety Committee

 Help to provide an overall perspective of the safety status of the

organization

 It serves as a visible body that can be approached for safety

or health
complaints, suggestions, and other types of feedback

It ensures that there are employees focused on and dedicated to

coordinating safety related activities

 It encourages and motivates employees to follow safety standards

 Signals to employees that the organization is taking measures to

protect their
 Need for Safety Committee

1) Financial

2) Concern for employee safety

• Fewer employee injuries, lower premiums for

workers’ compensation, and it also
means a safer work environment for everyone

• Even though companies aren’t always able to keep accident totals to

zero, having a
safety committee can help lower injury rates
 Types of Safety Committee
1. Labor – Management Committee

2. Management Committee

3. Management supervisors
Committee

4. Technical Committee

5. Special Committees
 1. Labor – Management Committee

• Prevalent in organizations having union contracts

• Contain safety clauses that designate the joint acceptance of

responsibility
and the specific activities of labor and management

• Union members on this committee are appointed by the union

 2. Management Committee

• Where there is no union agreement, or where the contract contains

no safety clause, the safety committee functions directly under
the policies established by management

• While management may appoint union members to this committee,

there is no
requirement to this effect
 3. Management Supervisors Committee

• Some management safety committees are made up entirely of

supervisory
personnel.

• In many cases, this committee supplements the activities of the

committee
which includes workers.
 4. Technical Committee

• Useful on specific problems or activities for which specialized

knowledge is
needed

• Problems requiring engineering revision, controls or guard design, or

relating to special processes or sciences are often handled by
such a committee of engineers, safety engineer, chief
electrician, master mechanic, and others
 5. Special Committees

• Set up for specific activities such as :

 safety contests

 safety celebrations or awards

 accident investigations

Off-the-job safety campaigns

• This committee is dismissed on completion of the

project
 Advantages of Safety Committee

• Workplace safety committees can also help companies lower their workers’
compensation insurance costs. Workers' compensation costs for injuries
and illnesses amount to billions of dollars each year. Safety training will help to
reduce these costs and minimize injury claims.
• Creating a problem-solving body that is specifically dedicated to workplace
safety and will
survive changes in management
• Providing supervisors and managers with a team of well-trained employees
that they can rely on when safety issues occur
• Getting more people to feel a sense of personal investment and ownership in the
safety and health management of the company
• Creating a workplacedynamic that may not have existed between safety
committee members, opening up lines of communication and teamwork
• Providing employees with a deeper education in workplace safety than they
would have
previously been exposed to, helping to build a culture of safety in the company