CHEMICAL
REACTIONS AND
EQUATIONS
CHAPTER-1
CHEMICAL REACTION:
◦A representation of a chemical change with the formation of
new substance.
◦Mostly chemical reactions are irreversible.
◦The reactants are on LHS and the products are on RHS.
◦The arrow denotes the direction in which the reaction is
taking place.
◦ Representation of a chemical reaction in terms of name
and formulae of the reactants and products is known as
chemical equation.
Activity 1: Burning of Mg ribbon
◦Activity:
◦Take a magnesium ribbon.
◦Clean it by scrubbing so that the layer of MgO formed due to
oxidation will be removed.
◦Now, let the cleaned magnesium ribbon be burnt in a blue
flame.
◦Observation:
◦White dazzling light can be observed.
◦A white powdered substance will be formed which can be
identified as magnesium oxide.
CHEMICAL CHANGE:
◦A chemical reaction can be identified by the
following changes:
[Link] of gas (effervescence)
[Link] in colour
[Link] in state
4. Change in temperature
Balancing Equation:
◦Balancing of an equation is done to satisfy the ‘Law of
Conservation of Mass’.
◦Balanced equation provides the following interpretations:
1. Number of atoms of each element in the reactant as well
as product side.
2. States of reactants and products.
3. Total molecular mass of reactant and product.
4. Direction of a reaction.
5. Chemical formulae of all reactants and products.
Fill in the blanks with the most appropriate term:
A ________________ ________________ tells the story of a chemical
reaction. ________________ are the starting substances in the
reaction while ________________ are the new substances that are
formed. The large numbers in front of some of the formulas are
called ________________. These numbers are used to
________________ the equation because chemical reactions must
obey the Law of ________________ of Mass. The number of atoms
of each element on both sides of the equation must be
________________ because mass cannot be ________________ or
________________. When balancing equations, the only numbers
that can be changed are ________________; remember that
________________ must never be changed in order to balance an
equation.
Fill in the blanks with the most appropriate term:
A chemical equation tells the story of a chemical reaction.
Reactants are the starting substances in the reaction while
products are the new substances that are formed. The large
numbers in front of some of the formulas are called
coefficient. These numbers are used to balance the equation
because chemical reactions must obey the Law of
Conservation of Mass. The number of atoms of each element
on both sides of the equation must be equal because mass
cannot be created or destroyed. When balancing equations,
the only numbers that can be changed are coefficient;
remember that formulae must never be changed in order to
balance an equation.
Reactions to balance:
◦Ca+O2CaO
◦N2+H2 NH3
◦Cu2O+C Cu+CO2
◦H2O2 H2O+O2
◦Al+O2 Al2O3
◦C3H8+O2 CO2+H2O
◦Al(NO3)3+NaOH Al(OH)3+NaNO3
Reactions to balance:
◦2Ca+O22CaO
◦N2+3H2 2NH3
◦2Cu2O+C 4Cu+CO2
◦2H2O2 2H2O+O2
◦4Al+3O2 2Al2O3
◦C3H8+5O2 3CO2+4H2O
◦Al(NO3)3+3NaOH Al(OH)3+3NaNO3
Types of reaction:
There are 5 kinds of reaction:
◦Combination reaction
◦Decomposition reaction
◦Displacement reaction
◦Double displacement reaction
◦Redox reaction
Combination reaction:
◦When two or more reactant combine to form a single
product, it is termed as combination reaction.
◦Combination reactions are also considered as
exothermic reaction.
◦Examples: Decomposition of vegetable matter,
combustion reactions, etc.
Activity-1 (Burning of Mg
ribbon):
◦Activity:
◦Take a magnesium ribbon.
◦Clean it by scrubbing so that the layer of MgO formed due to oxidation will be
removed.
◦Now, let the cleaned magnesium ribbon be burnt in a blue flame.
◦Observation:
◦White dazzling light can be observed.
◦A white powdered substance will be formed which can be identified as
magnesium oxide.
◦Precaution:
◦The magnesium ribbon should be cleaned properly.
Examples of combination
reaction:
◦2Mg(s) + O (g) 2 MgO(s) (burning of magnesium ribbon)
2
◦C(s) + O2(g) CO2(g) (burning of coal)
◦2H2 (g) + O2(g) 2H2O (g) (formation of water)
◦CaO (s) + H2O (l) Ca(OH)2 (aq) + Δ (formation of slacked lime)
◦CH4(g) + O2 CO2(g) + H2O (g) (burning of methane)
◦C6H12O6(aq) + 6O2(g) 6CO2(aq) + 6H2O(l) + Δ (respiration)
◦3H2(g) + N2(g) 2NH3(s) (ammonia preparation)
◦H2(g) + Cl2(g) 2HCl(l) (preparation of hydrochloric acid)
BBQ Pg-6
1. Why should a magnesium ribbon be cleaned before
burning in air?
Ans: Magnesium ribbon should be cleaned before burning in
air because Magnesium metal reacts with the atmospheric
oxygen and forms Magnesium Oxide (MgO) layer which is a
very stable compound. To prevent further reactions with
Oxygen, it is therefore necessary to clean the ribbon to
remove the layer of MgO.
2. Write a balanced equation for the following chemical
reactions.
i) Hydrogen + Chloride Hydrogen chloride
ii) Barium chloride + Aluminium sulphate Barium sulphate +
Aluminium chloride
iii) Sodium + Water Sodium hydroxide + Hydrogen
Ans:
i) H₂+ Cl₂ 2HCI
ii) 3BaCl₂ + Al2(SO4)3 3BaSO4 + 2AICI3
iii) 2Na + 2H₂O → 2NaOH + H₂
3. Write a balanced chemical equation with state symbols for the
following reactions:
i) Solutions of Barium chloride and Sodium sulphate in water react to
give insoluble barium sulphate and the solution of Sodium chloride.
ii) Sodium hydroxide solution (in water) reacts with hydrochloric acid
solution (in water) to produce Sodium chloride solution and water.
i) BaCl₂(aq) + Na2SO4 (aq) BaSO4(s) ↓ + 2NaCl(aq)
ii) NaOH(aq) + HCl(aq) NaCl(aq) + H₂O
Decomposition Reaction:
◦When one or more reactant split to form two or more product then it is
termed as decomposition reaction.
◦Mostly endothermic reactions
◦Uses energy in the form of heat/light/electricity
◦Heat- thermal decomposition
◦Light- photolytic decomposition
◦Electricity- electrolytic decomposition
◦Energy helps to break the existing bonds among the reactants
◦Examples are: dry heating of ferrous sulphate crystals
Activity-2(Dry heating of Iron
Sulphate):
Examples of decomposition
reaction:
◦Thermal decomposition:
◦CaCO3(s) CaO(s) + CO2(g) (thermal decomposition of lime stone)
◦2FeSO4(s) Fe2O3(s) + SO2(g) + SO3(g) (dry heating of ferrous sulphate)
◦2Pb(NO3)2(s) 2PbO(s) + 4NO2(g) + O2(g) (thermal decomposition lead
nitrate)
◦ZnCO3(s) ZnO(s) + CO2(g) (thermal decomposition of zinc carbonate)
◦Photolytic decomposition:
◦2AgCl(s) 2Ag(s) +Cl2(g) (photo decomposition reaction)
◦2AgBr(s) 2Ag(s) +Br2(g) (photo decomposition reaction)
◦Electrolytic decomposition:
◦2H2O(l) 2H2(g) + O2(g) (electrolysis of water)
BBQ Pg-10
A solution of a substance 'X' is used for whitewashing.
(i) Name the substance "X' and write its formula.
(ii)(ii) Write the reaction of the substance 'X' named in (i)
above with water.
Ans:
i) The substance 'X' which is used in whitewashing is quick lime
or Calcium Oxide and its formula is CaO.
ii) CaO + H2O Ca(OH)2 + Heat
2. Why is the amount of gas collected in one of the test tubes in
Activity 1.7 double of the amount collected in the other? Name
this gas.
Ans:
A water molecule decomposes to give hydrogen and oxygen gas. In a
water molecule hydrogen and oxygen are present in 2:1 ratio, hence
the amount of Hydrogen collected would be double than that of
oxygen.
Displacement reaction:
◦When a highly reactive metal replaces a less reactive metal then
it is called as a displacement reaction.
◦Otherwise known as replacement reaction
◦Example: iron nail dipped in a copper sulphate solution.
Activity-3:
◦Activity: Take a test tube and
dissolve 5mg of copper sulphate
solution in it. Dip an iron nail in it.
Keep it undisturbed for some time.
◦Observation: 1. colour of the solution
changes from blue to green
◦2. shiny brown layer of copper
deposit is formed on the iron nail
◦Conclusion: copper getting replaced
by iron
Examples of displacement
reactions:
◦Fe(s) + CuSO4(aq) FeSO4(aq) + Cu(s)
◦Zn(s) + CuSO4(aq) ZnSO4(aq) + Cu(s)
◦Pb(s) + CuCl2(aq) PbCl2(aq) + Cu(s)
◦2Al(s) + Fe2O3(aq) Al2O3(aq) + 2Fe(s)
◦Fe(s) + 2HCl(dil) FeCl2(aq) + H2(g)
◦2Al(s) + 3CuCl2(aq) 2AlCl3(aq) + 3Cu(s)
Double displacement reaction:
◦When the ions of reactants replaces each other in the reactants to
form new products then it is termed as double displacement
reaction.
◦Exchange of ions takes place among the reactants
◦It can be a precipitate reaction and neutralisation reaction.
◦Examples of double displacement reaction- reaction of acid with
base to form salt and water
◦Also known as neutralisation reaction
Activity-4 (Titration):
◦Activity: Take acid with 0.1M
concentration in burette and of 0.1M
base in conical flask. Add 2 to 3 drops
of phenolphthalein in the conical
flask. The colour of the indicator will
disappear immediately. Now keep the
conical flask under the burette and
add the acid drop by drop.
o Observation: colour of the base solution will change
slightly pink in colour.
o Conclusion: the base gets neutralised by the acid resulting
into double displacement reaction.
Examples of double dis. reaction:
◦Na2SO4(aq) + BaCl2(aq) BaSO4(s) + 2NaCl(aq) (white ppt. is formed)
◦AgNO3(aq) + MgCl2(aq) AgCl(s) + MgNO3(aq) (white crystalline ppt is formed)
◦HCl(dil) + NaOH(aq) NaCl(aq) + H2O(l) (neutralisation reaction)
◦HNO3(aq) + Ca(OH)2 Ca(NO3)2 + H2O(l) (neutralisation reaction)
◦BaCl2(aq) + H2SO4 BaSO4(s) + 2HCl(aq) (white ppt. is formed)
◦BaCl2(aq) + K2SO4 BaSO4(s) + 2KCl(aq) (white ppt. is formed)
◦KBr(aq) + BaI2 KI(s) + BaBr2(aq) (white crystalline ppt. is formed)
Redox reaction:
◦When in a particular reaction both oxidation and reduction reaction
takes place simultaneously then it is termed as redox reaction.
◦Oxidation reaction can be identified as addition of oxygen/loss of
hydrogen/gain of electrons
◦Reduction reaction can be identified as loss of oxygen/gain of
hydrogen/loss of electrons
◦The reactant which gives away oxygen is known as oxidizing agent
◦Oxides are generally oxidizing agents
◦The reactant which receives oxygen is termed as reducing agent
◦Hydrides or elemental form reactants are reducing agent
Examples of redox reaction:
◦CuO + H2 Cu + H2O (H2- reducing/CuO- oxidizing agent)
◦2Fe3O4 + 8H2 3Fe2 + 8H2O (H2- reducing/Fe3O4- oxidizing agent)
◦MnO2 + 4HCl MnCl2 + Cl2 + 2H2O (HCl- reducing/MnO2- oxidizing)
◦BaSO4 + 4C BaS + 4CO (C- reducing/BaSO4- oxidizing agent)
◦H2S + SO2 3S + 2H2O (SO2- reducing/H2S- oxidizing agent)
Corrosion:
◦Corrosion is the process of slowly eating up metals by gas and
water vapours present in the atmosphere due to the formation of
certain compounds like oxide, sulphides, carbonate, etc.
◦Corrosion of iron is known as rusting of iron
◦4Fe(s) + 3O2 + 6H2O(g) + 4Fe(OH)3
◦Corrosion of copper is known as tarnishing of copper
◦Cu2(s) + H2O(g) + CO2 CuCO3(s) + Cu(OH)2(s)
◦Bluish green patch appear which is called as patina
◦Corrosion of silver is known as blackening of silver
◦Ag(s) + H2S(g) AgS(ppt) + H2(g)
Rancidity:
◦Fried items are kept for longer period of time it starts smelling foul
◦Oxidation of unsaturated fats causes rancidity
◦Flushing of antioxidants like ascorbic acid to stop the oxidation of fats
◦Air tight containers used for storing prevents the exposure to oxygen
◦Addition of inert gases like H2 or N2 gases to stop oxidation
◦Refrigerating at low temperature to slow down the process of
oxidation
BBQ Pg:13
1. Why does the colour of copper sulphate solution change when
an iron nail is dipped in it?
Ans: When an iron nail dipped in the copper sulphate solution, iron displaces
copper from the copper sulphate because iron is more reactive than copper.
Therefore, the colour of the copper sulphate solution changes. (Blue to pale
green)
The reaction is: Fe+ CuSO4 FeSO4 + Cu
(blue)-> (green)
2. Give an example of a double displacement reaction other than
the one given in Activity 1.10.
Ans: Reaction between silver nitrate (AgNO3) and Sodium chloride
(NaCl) is an example of double displacement reaction.
AgNO3 + NaCl AgCl↓ + NaNO3
3. Identify the substances that are oxidized and that are reduced
in the following equation.
i) 4Na(s) + O2(g) → 2Na2O(s)
ii) CuO(s) + H₂(g) → Cu(s) + H₂O(l)
