Unit 1- Basic Concepts
Dr. MONIKA VARDIA
ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR
EE DEPARTMENT
GEETANJALI INSTITUTE OF TECHNICAL STUDIES
1
Evolution of power systems
first complete electric power system (comprising a
generator, cable, fuse, meter, and loads) was built
by Thomas Alva Edison
This was a dc system consisting of a steam-engine-driven
dc generator supplying power to 59 customers First
Complete Electric Power System – 1882
The within an area roughly 1.5 km in radius.
Introduction of AC Systems – 1886
In spite of the initial widespread use of dc systems,
they were almost completely superseded by ac
systems. By 1886,
The development of the transformer and ac
transmission by L. Gaulard and J.D. Gibbs of Paris,
France, led to ac electric power systems.
Cont…
With the development of polyphase systems by Nikola
Tesla, the ac system became even more attractive.
By 1888, Tesla held several patents on ac motors,
generators, transformers, and transmission systems.
PRESENT SCENERIO IN THE INDIAN
POWER SECTOR
Installed Generation capacity :
2,07,006.04MW
Supply Demand gap: 8.8%
Per capita power consumption: 733 kWhr
Captive generation : 34,444.12 MW
Electricity sector in India is growing at a rapid pace.
The present peak demand is about 1,15,000 MW and the
Installed Capacity is 1,52,380 MW using generation from
thermal (63%), hydro (25
%), Nuclear (9 %) and renewables (9 %)
6
7
STRUCTURE OF A POWER SYSTEM
9
10
11
8
Conventional and Non-Conventional
Sources of Energy
Conventional sources of energy
These sources of energy are also known as a non-
renewable source of energy
They find both commercial and industrial purposes
These can be considered to be one of the reasons for
the cause of pollution like Coal, fossil fuels etc.
Non-conventional sources of energy
These sources of energy are also known as a
renewable source of energy
These are not responsible for the cause of
pollution like Coal, fossil fuels are the two
examples
Wind energy & solar energy are the two
examples
They are mainly used for household purposes
Microgrid
A microgrid is a localized group of electricity sources
and loads that normally operates connected to and
synchronous with the traditional
wide area synchronous grid (macrogrid), but can also
disconnect to "island mode" – and function
autonomously as physical and/or economic conditions
dictate.
Cont…
A microgrid can effectively integrate various sources of
distributed generation, especially renewable energy
sources, and can supply emergency power, changing
between island and connected modes.
WHAT IS A MICROGRID?
A microgrid is a local energy grid with control
capability, which means it can disconnect from the
traditional grid and operate autonomously.
HOW DOES A MICROGRID WORK?
The grid connects homes, businesses and other
buildings to central power sources, which allow us
to use appliances, heating/cooling systems and
electronics.
But this interconnectedness means that when part
of the grid needs to be repaired, everyone is
affected.
HOW DOES A MICROGRID CONNECT TO THE
GRID?
A microgrid connects to the grid at a point of common
coupling that maintains voltage at the same level as
the main grid unless there is some sort of problem on
the grid or other reason to disconnect.
A switch can separate the microgrid from the main
grid automatically or manually, and it then functions
as an island.
Images of Micro Grid
Symmetrical Components
When the system is unbalanced the voltages,
currents and the phase impedances are in
general unequal.
The method of symmetrical components
simplified the problems of the unbalanced
three-phase system.
.
Cont…
The balanced set of components can be given
as a positive sequence component, negative
sequence component, and zero phase
sequence component.
The phase sequence of the positive
component is Va, Vb and Vc and the phase
sequence of negative components is Va, Vc,
and Vb
Cont....
The positive sequence component of the unbalanced
three phase system
In positive phase sequence component, the set of
three phasors are equal in magnitude, spaced 120°
apart from each other and having the same phase
sequence as the original unbalanced phasors.
Negative Phase Sequence
Component
•In negative phase sequence component, the set of
the three phasors are equal in magnitude, spaced
120° apart from each other and having the phase
sequence opposite to that of the original phasors. The
negative phase sequence is shown in the figure below
Zero Phase Sequence Components
In zero phase sequence components, the set of
three phasors is equal in magnitude to zero phase
displacement from each other. The zero phase
sequence component is shown in the figure below.
The three phase balanced system is a special case
of a general three-phase system in which zero and
negative sequence components are zero.
Symmetrical & Unsymmetrical Faults
Normally, a power system operates under
balanced conditions. When the system
becomes unbalanced due to the failures of
insulation at any point or due to the contact
of live wires, a short–circuit or fault, is said to
occur in the line.
Faults may occur in the power system due to
the number of reasons like natural
disturbances (lightning, high-speed winds,
earthquakes), insulation breakdown, falling of
a tree, bird shorting, etc.
Cont....
Faults that occurs in transmission lines are
broadly classified as
Symmetrical faults
Unsymmetrical faults
Symmetrical faults
In such types of faults, all the phases are short-
circuited to each other and often to earth.
Such fault is balanced in the sense that the systems
remain symmetrical, or we can say the lines displaced
by an equal angle (i.e. 120° in three phase line).
It is the most severe type of fault involving largest
current, but it occurs rarely.
Unsymmetrical faults
Unsymmetrical faults involve only one or two
phases.
In unsymmetrical faults the three phase lines
become unbalanced.
Such types of faults occur between line-to-
ground or between lines.
An unsymmetrical series fault is between
phases or between phase-to-ground.
Unsymmetrical Faults can be classified :
Single line-to-ground fault (LG).
Line-to-line fault (LL).
Double Line-to-ground fault (LLG).
Three-phase short circuit fault (LLL).
Three-phase-to-ground fault (LLLG).
Schematic Picture of A Single Line-To-Ground Fault
Types of Fault
A fault is an abnormal or unintended connection of
live elements of a system to each other or to earth.
The impedance of such connections are often very
low, resulting in large currents flowing.
The energy contained in fault currents can quickly
heat components, creates excessive forces and can
result in devastating explosions of equipment.
There are three types of faults:
1. Three Phase Faults
2. Phase to Phase Faults
3. Earth Faults
Typically highest fault current is given by a
three phase fault
Three Phase Faults
Cont....
In a three phase fault, all three phases (L1,
L2 and L3) are shorted together.
To find the fault current at any point in the
network, a sum is made of the impedances in
the network between the source of supply
(including the source impedance) and the
point at which the fault is occurs.
To find the fault current Ik, the nominal
applied voltage, U0 is divided by the
summed impedance Z.
Phase to Phase Faults
Phase to Phase Fault In a power system (L1
to L2 for example), two phases are connected
together.
The fault current is again, the nominal
applied voltage divided by the summed
impedance.
Earth Faults
To find the value of earth fault current at any
point in a network, a sum is made of the earth
fault impedances in the network between the
source of supply (including source impedance)
and the return path impedances.
In an earth fault, one phase is directly connected
to earth (L1 to earth for example).
