OPERATIONS
SCHEDULING
AND
SEQUENCING
Presented by: Rod Vincent Dagta
James Listana
Learning Objectives
• Explain the concept of scheduling and sequencing
• Describe staff scheduling and appointment system decisions
• Explain sequencing performance criteria and rules
• Describe how to solve single and two-resource sequencing
problems
• Explain the need for monitoring schedules using Gantts charts
• Describe how to use the Clarke-Wright method for vehicle
routing and scheduling
UNDERSTANDING SCHEDULING
AND SEQUENCING
Scheduling
• refers to the assignment of start and completion
-
times to particular jobs, people or equipment
Sequencing
• refers to determining the order in which job or
task are process
SCHEDULING APPLICATIONS AND
APPROACHES
Scheduling applies to all aspects of the value chain- planning and
releasing orders in a factory, determining work shifts for employees, and
making deliveries to customers.
• STAFF SCHEDULING
Due to high variability of customer demand problems related to staff
scheduling is prevalent in service organizations.
Staff scheduling attempts to match available personnel with the needs
of the organization by
1. accurately forecasting demand and translating it into the quantity and
timing of work to be done;
2. determining the staffing required to perform the work by time period;
3. determining the personnel available and the full- and part-time mix: and
4. matching capacity to demand requirements and developing a work
schedule that maximizes service and minimizes cost.
The first step requires converting demand to capacity measures- that is,
the number of staff required.
APPOINMENT SYSTEMS
appointment systems are used to reserve service time and capacity ,
maximizing the use of time dependent service capacity and reducing no
shows.
FOUR DECISIONS TO MAKE REGARDING DESIGNING AN APPOINMENT
SYSTEM ARE THE FOLLOWING:
[Link] the appointment time interval
[Link] the length of each workday and the time off duty
[Link] to handle overbooking
[Link] customer appointment rules
SEQUENCING
SEQUENCING PERFORMANCE CRITERIA
In selecting a specific scheduling and sequencing a manager must considers
this criteria
[Link]- focused performance criteria
[Link]-focused due date criteria, and
[Link]-based criteria
Process focused performance criteria pertains only to information
about start and end times of job and focus on shop performance such as
equipment utilization and work in process inventory . Two common measure s
are flow time and makespan. Flow time is the amount of time a job spent in the
shop of factory.
FLOW TIME
the amount of time job spent in the shop or factory .Flow time is computed using
Fi =Epy +Ewy = Ci - Ri
where;
Fi = flow time job
Epy = sum of all processing times of job i at workstation or area j (run + set up
times )
Ewy = sum of all waiting times of job i at workstation or area
Ci = completion time of job i
Ri = ready time for job i ,where all materials , specifications , and so on are
available
Makespan is the time needed to process a given set of jobs. A short makespan
aims to achieve high equipment utilization and resources by getting all jobs out
of the shop quickly
M=C-S
where
M = makespan of a group of jobs
C = completion time of last job in the group
S = start time of first job in the group
Due date criteria pertain to customers required due dates or
internally determined shipping dates
lateness is the difference between the completion time and due
dates
tardiness is the amount of time by which the completion time
exceeds due dates
they are calculated using the equations:
Li = Ci - Di
where:
Li = lateness of job
Di = due date of job
Ti = tardiness of job
cost based criteria typical cost includes inventory , changeover or set up ,
processing or run , and material handling cost .Cost based might seem obvious but
is difficult to identify the relevant cost categories , obtain accurate estimates of their
values , and allocate cost to manufactured parts or services correctly.
SEQUENCING RULES
Two of the most popular sequencing rules for prioritizing jobs are :
• shortest processing time (SPT)
• earliest due date (EDD)
Some examples of priority rules are :
• first come first serve (FCFS)
• fewest number of operation remaining (FNO)
• least work remaining (LWR) - sum of all processing times for
operation not yet performed , and
• least amount of work at the process queue (LWNQ) - amount of
work awaiting the next process in a jobs sequence
SPT and EDD work well in in a short term , if SPT were used in a large
processing time it wouldnt be processed
APPLICATIONS OF SEQUENCING RULES
SINGLE RESOURCE SEQUENCING PROBLEM
(SRSP) is a scheduling problems where tasks need to be processed sequentially on a
single shared resource , subject to various constraints such as processing times ,
precedence relationships , and resource availability . The goal is to optimize the
sequence of tasks to minimize makespan or other relevant performance measures
for example: a printer that can only handle one document at a time , the (SRSP) would
involve deciding the order in which different documents should be printed to finish
them quickly as possible
Two-Resource Sequencing Problem
The two resource sequencing problem involves scheduling tasks that
require two different types of resources to complete . This could be anything
from scheduling jobs that need both human labor and machinery in a
manufacturing plant to organizing activities that require both skilled workers
and specific equipment in a construction project . The challenge is to
optimize the sequence of tasks tp efficiently utilize both resources and while
minimizing completion time or cost.
the ff. procedure defines johnsons sequencing rule for the two resource
sequencing problem structure :
[Link] the jobs and their processing times on Resources #1 and # 2
[Link] the job with the shortest processing time (on either resource).
[Link] this time corresponds to Resources #1, sequence the job first ; if it
corresponds to Resources #2, sequence the last job.
[Link] steps 2 and 3 using the next-shortest processing time and
working inward from both ends of the sequence until all jobs have been
been scheduled.
Schedule Monitoring and Control
a process of overseeing and managing a project to ensure it stays on track , this
involves tracking progress , identifying issues or deviations from plan , and making
necessary adjustments to keep the project aligned with its objectives , involving
tasks like tracking schedules , resources , cost , and overall performance , the goal is
to ensure progress smoothly and meets its goals and within defined constraints of
time ,cost , scope , quality , risk , and resources
Vehicle Routing and Scheduling
process of planning and and organizing transportation routes to ensure
the timely delivery of goods and services , involves the most efficient
order of stops based on factors such as delivery time , distance , traffic
conditions , and driver availability
