4 - Reacting masses and chemical

equations

5 - Using moles
 The names and formulae of compounds
The names of compounds
Many compounds contain just two elements. If you know which elements they are, you can usually
name the compound. Just follow these rules:
When the compound contains a metal and a non-metal:
– the name of the metal is given first
– and then the name of the non-metal, but ending with -ide.
Examples: sodium chloride, magnesium oxide, iron sulfide.

When the compound is made of two non-metals:

– if one is hydrogen, that is named first
– otherwise the one with the lower group number comes first
– and then the name of the other non-metal, ending with -ide.
Examples: hydrogen chloride, carbon dioxide.
 The names and formulae of compounds
The formulae of compounds
• A molecular compound

The formula for a molecular compound tells you the type and number of each atom in one
molecule

• An ionic compound

The formula for an ionic compound tells you the type and ratio of the ions in the compound
The formulae of compounds
 Example
• CuCl2 • CsBr

• Fe2O3 • CaS

• MgO • HCl

• KI • CO

But some compounds have ‘everyday’ names that give you no clue about the
elements in them.
 Word and symbol equations

For any reaction, what you start with are called the REACTANTS ==> PRODUCTS
reactants, and what you form are called the products.

word equation Magnesium + Oxygen ==> Magnesium oxide

Magnesium combined
with oxygen to give
magnesium oxide.
symbol equation Mg + O2 ==> MgO
 Word and symbol equations
Reactants Product(s)

2Mg(s) + O2(g) 2MgO(s)

Coefficients Subscripts State symbols

 Word and symbol equations
 Balanced chemical equation - A chemical equation in which the number of each type of atom
is equal on the two sides of the equation.
 Reactants - The starting materials in a reaction.
 Products - Materials present at the end of a reaction.

 Subscripts - Part of the chemical formulas of the reactants and products that indicate the
number of atoms of the preceding element.
 Coefficient - A small whole number that appears in front of a formula in a balanced chemical
equation.
 State symbols - used in chemical equations, to show the physical state of the reactants and
products. (s/l/aq/g)
 Balancing a Chemical Equation

1 - Count each type of atom in reactants and products.

2 - Place coefficients (big numbers), as needed, in front of the symbols or
formulas to increase the number of atoms or molecules of the substances.
(Never change the subscripts in chemical formulas).
 Balancing a Chemical Equation
Examples

N2 + 3H2  2NH3

Mg + 2HCl  MgCl2 + H2

2Na + 2H2O  2NaOH + H2

4Fe + 3O2  2Fe2O3

 Relative atomic mass (Ar)
g
A standard atom has been chosen, against which all others are then compared. This
standard atom is an atom of the carbon-12 isotope, the ‘mass’ of which is given the
value of exactly 12.

relative atomic mass (Ar) of an element

- the average mass of naturally occurring
atoms of the element on a scale where
the carbon-12 atom has a mass of exactly
12 units.
 Relative formula mass (Mr)

relative formula mass (Mr) of a substance – the sum of the relative

atomic masses of the elements present in a formula unit.

Mr(H2) = 2 x 1 = 2

Mr(CO2) = 12 + (2 x 16) = 44
 The mole

The mole is the unit representing the amount of atoms, ions, or molecules.

mol is the symbol of mole or moles.

One mole of a substance :

• has a mass equal to its relative formula mass in grams.
• contain 6.02x1023 (the Avogadro constant) atoms, molecules
depending on the substance considered.
 The mole

Worked example

Determine the number of carbon and oxygen atoms in one

mole of carbon dioxide (CO2).
 Molar mass

Is the mass of 1 mole of any substance.

Ex : C2H5OH

Mr(C2H5OH) = 2xAr(C) + 6xAr(H) + Ar(O)

= (2x12) + (6x1) + 16
= 46
Express this in gram per mole

molar mass = 46 g/mol

 Worked examples

1. Determine the mass (in g) of 1.51 × 10 23 carbon atoms.

 Questions
Q1
How many moles are there in 60g of sodium hydroxide
(NaOH)?

Q2
What is the mass of 0.5 mol of copper(II) sulfate crystals
(CuSO4.5H2O)?
 The mole and chemical equations

When we write a chemical equation, we are indicating the number of moles of

reactants and products involved in the reaction.

Fe + S  FeS

Mg + 2HCl  MgCl2 + H2

We can use the idea of the mole to find reactant or product masses from the
equation for a reaction.
What equations tells you

So from the equation, we can tell how many moles [Link] moles can be changed to grams
using Ar and Mr
 What equations tells you

From the equation for a reaction you can tell :

 How many moles of each substance take part

 How many grams of each substance take part
 The mole and chemical equations

What mass of aluminium oxide (Al2O3) is produced when 9.2g

of aluminium metal (Al) reacts completely with oxygen gas?
4Al + 3O2  2Al2O3
 4Al + 3O2  2Al2O3
Ratio
9.2 g 4mol : 2mol Mass = ?

Step 1 : Convert 9.2 g of Al into moles

Step 2 : Use the ratio from the equation to work out how many moles of Al 2O3

4 mol of Al produce 2 mol of Al2O3

0.34 mol of Al produce 0.17 mol of Al2O3

Step 3 : Convert mole to gram

𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠𝑜𝑓 𝐴𝑙2𝑂3 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑒𝑑=𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒×𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝐴𝑙2𝑂3=17.3 𝑔

𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠𝑜𝑓 𝐴𝑙2 𝑂3 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑒𝑑=17.3 𝑔
Reactions involving gases
Imagine five very large flasks,
each with a volume of 24 dm3.

Each gas is at r.t.p

If you weighed the gas in the five

flasks you will find that there is
exactly 1 mole of each gas!
 Reactions involving gases
1 mole of every gas occupies the same volume, at the same
temperature and pressure. At room temperature and pressure,
this volume is 24 dm3.

This was discovered by Avogadro, in 1811. So 𝑁𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠=

𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒
it is often called Avogadro’s Law. 𝑀𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒

The volume occupied by 1 mole of a gas is : molar volume.

The molar volume of a gas is 24 dm3 at rtp.
 Reactions involving gases
What volume does 0.25 moles of a gas occupy at rtp?

1 mol occupies 24 dm3, so

0.25 mol occupies 0.25 x 24 dm3 = 6 dm3
so 0.25 moles of any gas occupies 6 dm3 (or 6000 cm3) at rtp.

What volume does 22 g of carbon dioxide occupy at rtp?

22 g = 0.5 mol
so the volume occupied = 0.5 x 24 dm3 = 12 dm3.
 gas
Volume
(dm3)
÷ ÷
number 24
of moles
(mol)
× (dm3/mol)
Calculating gas volumes from equations
From the equation for a reaction, you can tell how many moles of a gas take part. Then you can use
Avogadro’s Law to work out its volume.
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What does ‘concentration’ mean?

The concentration of a solution is the amount of solute, in grams or moles,

that is dissolved in 1 dm3 of solution.
 Finding the concentration in moles
In general, to find the concentration of a solution
in moles per dm3:
𝐴𝑚𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒 (𝑚𝑜𝑙)
𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛(𝑚𝑜𝑙 /𝑑𝑚3)=
𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒(𝑑𝑚3)

Ex : Solution C, has 250 g of copper(II) sulfate pentahydrate (CuSO4.5H2O) in 1 dm3 of solution.

Find the concentrations in g/dm3 and in mol/dm3.

concentration is 250 g/dm3.

concentration is 1 mol/dm3.
Finding the amount of solute in a solution
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Finding the empirical formula
There are some compounds, particularly organic molecules, that
have empirical formulae that differ from their molecular
formulae.
 Finding the empirical formula
The formula of carbon dioxide is CO2
From the formula of a compound you
can tell what masses of the elements
combine. But you can also do things
the other way round.

Moles can be changed to grams, using Ar and Mr. So we can write: If you know what masses combine,
you can work out the formula.
 Finding the empirical formula
These are the steps:

A formula found in this way is called the empirical

formula.
The empirical formula shows the simplest ratio in
which atoms combine.
 Finding the empirical formula
Example 1
32 grams of sulfur combine with 32 grams of oxygen to form sulfur dioxide. What is its empirical formula?

Elements that combine sulfur oxygen

Masses that 32 g 32 g
combine
Relative atomic masses (Ar) 32 16

Moles of atoms that combine 1 2

Ratio in which atoms combine 1:2

So the empirical formula of the oxide that forms is SO2.

 Questions

1 - 56 g of iron combine with 32 g of sulfur to form iron sulfide. Find the empirical
formula for iron sulfide.

2 - An oxide of sulfur is 40% sulfur and 60% oxygen. What is its empirical formula?
 Questions
3 - Compound C has the following percentage composition by mass: 48.6% C,
10.8% H, 21.6% O and 18.9% N. Calculate the empirical formula of compound C.
Determine the empirical formula.
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 The formula of an ionic compound

The diagram on the right shows the structure of sodium chloride.

The sodium and chlorine atoms are in the ratio 1:1 in this compound.
So its empirical formula is NaCl.

The formula of an ionic compound is the same as its empirical

formula.
 The formula of a molecular compound

From the drawing you can see that the ratio of carbon to
hydrogen atoms in ethane is 2:6. The simplest ratio is
therefore 1:3.
So the empirical formula of ethane is CH3.

But its molecular formula is C2H6

The molecular formula shows the actual numbers of atoms

that combine to form a molecule.
 How to find the molecular formula
relative molecular mass (Mr) / Molar mass (M)

Empirical formula

Empirical mass
 Worked example

[Link] percentage composition by mass of aluminium chloride is

20.3% aluminium (Al) and 79.7% chlorine (Cl). Determine the
empirical formula of aluminium chloride.

[Link] molar mass of aluminium chloride is 267 g/mol. Determine

the molecular formula of aluminium chloride.
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 Finding the % yield
The yield is the amount of product you obtain from a reaction.

The yield will still be important – but the purity of the product may be even more important. Impurities
could harm people.
Finding the % yield
Finding the % purity
Finding the % purity
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