CHE-101

ENERGY ENGINEERING
 CHE-101
ENERGY ENGINEERING
 Lectures: 3/week
ETE : 50%
MTE : 25%
CW : 15%; Tutorials/assignments
Regularity in class : 10%
 Faculty
Basheshwer Prasad, Chemical Engineering
 Soft copy of lectures

 Grading – Relative
COURSE CONTENTS
[Link]. Contents Contact
Hours

1 Introduction: Classification of energy sources; Energy conversion-transmission and storage; 5

Energy consumption pattern in various sectors; Carbon footprint and economics of various
energy sources and conversion processes: National and International policies on energy

2 Coal: Classification and properties; Proximate and ultimate analyses; Heating value; 4
Electricity generation from coal; Clean coal technologies, Carbon footprint and concerns

3 Liquid & Gaseous Fuels: Origin and processing, various type of liquid (Diesel, Petrol, etc.) 7
and gaseous fuels (CNG, LNG, LPG); Properties and handling; carbon footprint and
concerns; Biodiesel, bioethanol & biomethanol; Government policies on blending;
Unconventional gas resources including shale gas, coal bed methane and natural gas
hydrates

4 Biomass energy: Biomass; Characterization of biomass; Densification of biomass, Biomass 6

conversion to solid, liquid, and gaseous fuels using thermochemical and biochemical
routes; Biomass blending with coal; Government policies and challenges

5 Solar energy: Solar or photovoltaics cells; Components and type of the solar cells; Recent 4
development & challenges; Solar thermal energy system; Solar space heating and cooling;
Solar based chemical reactors

6 Other Energy Resources: Wind, hydro, geothermal, nuclear, and tidal energy systems; 4
Development and challenges

7 Hydrogen Energy: National Hydrogen Policy; Green, blue and grey hydrogen; Hydrogen 4
storage and utilization; Hydrogen-based fuel cells; challenges and concerns

8 Energy Storage and Conversion: Fuel Cells; Batteries; Integration of renewable energy with 3
existing grids; Challenges and government policies

9 Energy audit & Conservation: Mapping of distribution of energy supply and demand and 5
identification of energy intensive areas; Energy conservation using smart electronics;
Process integration and waste heat recovery.

42
 SUGGESTED BOOKS
S. No. Name of Books / Authors/ Publishers Year of
Publication/
Reprint

1 Balasubramanian Viswanathan, Energy Sources 2016

Fundamentals of Chemical Conversion Processes and Applications, Elsevier

2 Twidel, J. and Tony W., Renewable Energy Resources, Second Edition, Taylor & 2006
Francis

3 Kreith F., Goswami D. Y., Energy Management and Conservation, CRC Press 2008

4 Sukhatme S., J Nayak J., Solar Energy: Principles of Thermal Collection and Storage, 2008
3/ed, Tata McGraw-Hill Publishing Company Ltd

5 Harker J.H. and Backhusrt J.R., Fuel and Energy, Academic Press Inc 1981

6 Miller Bruce G., Coal Energy Systems, Elsevier Academic Press, Paris 2005
 CHALLENGE ?
•Coal - CO2 427.22 ppm July 25, 2025; 425.10 ppm July 25, 2024; 260 ppm before industrialization
•Petroleum /NG - CO2
•Biomass - CO2 neutral
•Solar - Clean: photovoltaic system
•Wind - Clean
•Hydro - Clean
•Nuclear – Clean, Safety ?
•Hydrogen – Cleanest
•Waste: Solid, liquid and gas
•E vehicles, batteries
•Efficiency improvements and energy conservation
Bulb, tube lights, CFL, LED lights, Star rating of electrical appliances,
waste heat recovery, oxy combustion
CO2 LEVEL CHANGE OVER TIME

July 25, 2025: 427.22

July 31, 2024: 424.83
July 31, 2023: 421.78
July 31, 2022: 418.56
June 7, 2021: 419.80
March 2020: 414.50
March 2019: 411.17
December 2015: 401.85
Pre-industrial era: 260
PERCENTAGE WISE TOP GREEN HOUSE GAS
EMITTING COUNTRIES

50% of world: China, USA and

India
 GREENHOUSE GASES
Methane is Hydrofluorocarbons,
emitted during perfluorocarbons,
the production sulfur hexafluoride,
and transport of and nitrogen trifluoride
coal, natural gas,
and oil. Methane Nitrous oxide is
emissions also emitted during
result from agricultural, land use,
livestock and and industrial
other agricultural activities; combustion
practices, land of fossil fuels and solid
use, and by the waste; as well as during
decay of organic treatment of
waste in wastewater.
municipal solid
waste landfills. Green House Gases
 Water vapor
 Carbon dioxide
 Methane
 Nitrous oxide
IPCC report  Ozone
 F gases
HOW DO WE KNOW IF AIR QUALITY IS
POOR?
AQI is an overall scheme that
transforms individual air pollutant
(e.g. SO2, CO, PM10) levels into a single
number, which is a simple and lucid
description of air quality for the
citizens.

AQI relates to health impacts and

citizens can avoid the unnecessary
exposure to air pollutants;

AQI indicates compliance with

National Ambient Air Quality
Standards;

AQI guides policy makers to take

broad decisions; and
AQI encourages citizens to participate
in air quality management.
 POLLUTANTS CONSIDERED FOR AQI

Pollutant SO2 NO2 PM2.5 PM10 O3 CO (mg/m3) Pb NH3

Averaging time (hr) 24 24 24 24 1 8 1 8 24 24

Indian Standard (µg/m3) 80 80 60 100 180 100 4 2 1 400

Good Satisfactory Moderate Poor Very poor Severe

(0-50) (51-100) (101-200) (201-300) (301-400) (> 401)
HOW TO MEASURE ENERGY UTILIZATION?

 Consumption Per Capita

 Gross Domestic Product

MEASUREMENT OF ENERGY UTILIZATION
 Consumption Per Capita (Per Person)
Energy Consumption/Population
Total energy : MJ/capita (kWh=3.6 MJ)
Electricity : kW or MW/capita
 Gross Domestic Product (GDP)
The monetary value of all the finished goods and services produced within
country on annual basis. It includes all of private and public consumption,
government outlays, investments and exports less imports that occur within a
defined territory.

GDP = C + G + I + NX
C is equal to all consumer spending, Rs/$
G is the sum of government spending, Rs/$
I is the sum of all the country's businesses spending, Rs/$
NX is the net exports, calculated as total exports minus total imports, Rs/$
ENERGY INTENSITY AND ENERGY EFFICIENCY

Energy Intensity is a measure of the energy efficiency of a nation's economy.

It is calculated as energy consumed per $ of GDP produced (MJ/$).

Energy Efficiency is a $ of GDP produced by the unit amount of energy

($/MJ).

Animal dung : Dry cake: 10%

Biogas : 70% +manure
Biomass/wood : 15%
Gasification/pyrolysis : 60-80%
Agriculture residue : open burning
CNG : 80%
World Economies, 2025
ENERGY SOURCE AND RESOURCES

Source of almost all the world’s energy:

SUN

Coal, petroleum, natural gas, biomass,

tidal, wind and hydro is manifestation of
solar energy

Nuclear and geothermal are beyond this

definition: at the time of creation of earth
CLASSIFICATION OF ENERGY RESOURCES
Energy Resources

Nonrenewable/ Renewable/
Conventional Non-conventional
(Not replenished after use) (naturally replenished after use)

Coal Solar
Oil Fossil fuels Wind
Gas Biomass
Nuclear Hydro (large and small)
Geothermal Tidal
COAL
OIL
 OIL
Oil, Petroleum, also known as crude oil is a
naturally occurring yellowish-black liquid
mixture of mainly hydrocarbons and is found in
geological formations.

 As such no usage
 Refining process required

 Earth sciences department

 WORLD REMAINING OIL BREAKDOWN

Tar sands are a type of

unconventional petroleum deposit.
The sands contain naturally
occurring mixtures of sand, clay,
water, and a dense and extremely
viscous form of petroleum
technically referred to as bitumen
Oil shale, an organic-rich fine-
grained sedimentary rock, contains
significant amounts of kerogen (a
solid mixture of organic chemical
compounds) from which liquid
hydrocarbons called shale oil can be
produced

Zetta=1021
GAS
 NATURAL GAS
Natural gas (also called fossil gas or simply gas) is a naturally
occurring mixture of gaseous hydrocarbons consisting
primarily of methane in addition to various smaller amounts
of other higher alkanes.
NATURAL GAS COMPOSITION
 BASIC FORMS OF ENERGY

1. Chemical energy

2. Thermal energy

3. Mechanical energy

4. Electrical energy
Electrical energy form
is most convenient to
use but costliest.
 ENERGY CONVERSION

Chemical Thermal

Electrical Mechanical
 ENERGY CONVERSION

Combustion

Chemical Thermal
Endothermic
reaction
 Chemical energy: Carbon and
Hydrogen
 Fossil fuels: Coal, Petroleum, NG
 Biomass
 Efficiency: 10-95% +  Thermal energy can be
 Boilers: fluidized bed-rice husk, stored by reactions
supercritical reverse of combustion
 Furnaces: furnace oil, NG  Not of commercial use
 Pollution creator: CO, NOx, SOx, SPM,
RSPM, thermal pollution, ash, mercury,
arsenic, etc.
 ENERGY CONVERSION

I.C. Engine * Thermal

C.I. : 40%
S.I. : 30%
Steam turbine : 45%; BHEL,1000MW
Gas turbine : 35%:ATF
Steam engine : 12%
Efficiency is limited by Carnot Cycle η=1-Tc/Th
* Chemical to mechanical

Friction

Mechanical
 TYPES OF ENGINES
1. Spark Ignition (SI) : 1880 Nicholas Otto, German engineer
Compression ratio: 1: 8, Gasoline-Octane number, 88 & 91(IOCL Extra Premium)
Four stroke: Intake stroke (Gasoline/petrol + Air mixture)
Compression stroke
Power stroke : spark is given to initiate combustion
Exhaust stroke
Octane No. Isooctane(100) + n Heptane(0)

2. Compression Ignition (CI) : 1893 Rudolf Diesel, German

Compression ratio: 1:15, Diesel-Cetane number, 46+
Four stroke: Intake stroke (Air only)
Compression stroke
Power stroke : Diesel injected to have combustion
Exhaust stroke
Cetane No. Cetane (100) + 1-methylnaphthalene(0)
 ENERGY CONVERSION
Electrical generator
Electrical motor BHEL:1000MW, H2 Cooling
Efficiency: 65-90% + Efficiency: 95% +

Electrical Mechanical
 ENERGY CONVERSION

Chemical Lead acid batteries

Li-ion batteries
Efficiency: 75%

Dry batteries: 90%

Lead acid batteries: 75%
Li-ion batteries: 75%
Fuel cells:70%:R&D

Solution of energy and

Electrical environment problems
 ENERGY CONVERSION
Resistance heating: 100%
Inductive heating: 80%+
Electric arc: 60% +
Thermal
Electric bulb: 100%

Thermoelectrics: 10%
Seeback effect/thermocouples
Electrical MHD (Magneto Hydro Dynamics): 10%

BHEL is working on MHD

SECTORS OF ECONOMY, ENERGY CONSUMPTION
AND WASTE GENERATION

1. Agriculture
2. Industry
3. Transport
4. Domestic
5. Commercial
 SECTOR WISE ELECTRICAL ENERGY
CONSUMPTION IN INDIA
1. Agriculture : 20-25%
(150-200 BkWh)
2. Industry : 40-45%
(300-350 BkWh)
3. Transport : 1-2%
4. Domestic : 25-30%
5. Commercial: 10-15%
 AGRICULTURE SECTOR
 Cropped area: 195-200 Mha
 Irrigated area: 70-72 Mha
 GDP contribution: 15-20%
 Export: 10-12%
 Employment to ~50% population
 Food grain production: 300-310 MT - Agriculture residue: 500-
600 MT
 Second largest producer of fruits and vegetables (283 MT) in
world- Residue Mandi
 Livestock in India: 535.8 M; 729 M poultry-Animal dung/droppings
 Largest producer of milk in world (200-210 MT) - BOD
 Sugarcane production II highest in world (420 MT)/665 MT
(Brazil) : Molasses ( 3.5-4.5%) and Bagasse (25%)
 ENERGY CONSUMPTION IN
AGRICULTURE SECTOR
ENERGY SOURCE OPERATIONAL ENERGY
(in MJ/Ha)
Diesel 486
Electrical energy (Water 4128
pumping)
Total mechanical energy 4614
Animal energy 338
Human energy 940
Total energy 6892
Share of mechanical energy 81.6 % (1970 figure was 10.3)
 INDUSTRIAL SECTOR
 Contributes: 25-30% GDP
 Export contribution: 29%
 Largest producer of sponge iron
 Second largest producer of steel
 Second largest producer of cement
 Third largest producer of fertilizers, engineering goods
and textiles
 Ethanol production: 8th largest: BOD, Biogas
 Pulp and paper: Not in top 10 (1.5% of world) China: 25% : Liquid

 Fuel and feed stock: largest consumer accounting for 44.4% energy
 Coal consumed by this sector: 70-75%
 Cogeneration and export of electricity to grid: Banking and Wheeling
 Waste to Energy Augmentation
 TRANSPORT SECTOR
 Railways
70,000 km track of railways
Passengers handled: 23 million daily
Locomotives
Steam: 20-30 ; Diesel 2500-3000 ; Electric: 4568
 Air Transport
Air passenger traffic: 200-220 million
Air cargo: 2.75 MT
 Road transport
Registered vehicles: 300-320 million : Discarded tyres and tubes
National high ways: 150,000 km
Rural roads: 3.5 million km
 Water transport
8.42 million Gross Tonnes : Ganga Vilas Cruise, Ship breaking in Gujarat
Scrap policy
Old vehicles to be surrendered, 51 lakh light motor vehicles - more than 20 years old
and 34 lakh over 15 years old. Around 17 lakh medium and heavy commercial
vehicles are older than 15 years without valid fitness certificates.

• Second largest consumer of the energy

• Largest consumer of the petroleum products
• Petroleum products : 98.5% of total Energy
• Electricity for traction : 1.53%
 DOMESTIC SECTOR
 Biomass residues and animal dung cakes used in villages for
cooking
 LPG is used for the domestic cooking in urban and rural
areas as well
 Natural gas in few cities
 Kerosene for lighting and cooking in rural areas: Now all
the villages electrified
 Soft coke for domestic cooking
 MSW: 0.45 kg/day capita; 230 MT
 Sewer plants in India: 1,841 with1,095 operational
26,840 MLD – Biogas generation potential, European countries
have taken lead

Biomass residues : Major source

LPG : 23 MT + Biogas
 COMMERCIAL
 Services
• 60.2% GDP Contribution
• 142 million professionals in India
• Export share: 40%
 Commercial sector comprises institutes/
hospitals / schools/ colleges/ universities/ trusts/
offices etc.
 Street lighting
 Public water works
 Packaging material
 E waste: Computers, laptops, printers,
refrigerators, mobiles, tubes, fans, CFL etc.
 Hospital Waste
END