Urinary System

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 • Name essential organs of the
urinary system and describe their
locations and functions.
• Identify common pathological
Chapter Goals conditions.

(Slide 1 of 2) • Recognize how urinalysis is used

and interpreted as a diagnostic test.
• Define urinary-system-related
combining forms, prefixes, and
suffixes.

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 • List and explain clinical procedures,
laboratory tests, and abbreviations
Chapter Goals that pertain to the urinary system.
• Understand medical terms in their
(Slide 2 of 2) proper contexts, such as medical
reports and records.

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 • Nitrogenous wastes
Introduction  Urea
 Creatinine

(Slide 1 of 2)  Uric acid

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 • Functions of the kidney
 Filter nitrogenous wastes to form urine;
about 200 quarts of blood are filtered
every day to form 2 quarts of urine
 Maintain proper balance of water,
electrolytes (sodium, potassium), and
acids
 Release hormones:
Introduction • Renin: enzyme important in
adjusting blood pressure

(Slide 2 of 2) • Erythropoietin (EPO): hormone that

stimulates red blood cell production
in the bone marrow
• Calciferol: active form of vitamin D
necessary for the absorption of
calcium from the intestine
 Degrade and eliminate hormones from
the bloodstream

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 Organs of the male urinary system:
Anatomy of the • Kidney
Major Organs • Ureter
• Urinary bladder
(Slide 1 of 4) • Urethra

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 Anatomy of the
Major Organs (slide 2 of 4)
Organs of the male
urinary system

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 Organs of the female urinary system:
• Kidney
Anatomy of the • Ureter
Major Organs • Urinary bladder
• Urethra
(slide 3 of 4)

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 Anatomy of the
Major Organs (slide 4 of 4)
Female urinary system

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 QUICK QUIZ (Slide 1 of 8)
1. What is voiding?
A. Nitrogenous waste
B. Urination
C. Outer section of the kidney
D. Triangular area in the bladder

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 • Blood enters the kidneys through
How Kidneys the right and left renal arteries
Produce Urine • Arterioles carry blood to the
capillaries
(Slide 1 of 12) • Glomeruli filter the blood

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 How Kidneys Produce Urine
(Slide 2 of 12)

 Blood enters the

kidneys through
the right and left
renal arteries
 Arterioles carry
blood to the
capillaries
 Glomeruli filter
the blood

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 How Kidneys Produce Urine
(Slide 3 of 12)
• Glomerulus and • Blood passes through
glomerular/Bowman the glomeruli
capsule • Glomerular (Bowman)
capsule surrounds each
glomerulus
• Renal tubule is attached
to each Bowman
capsule

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 How Kidneys Produce Urine
(Slide 4 of 12)

• Glomerulus and glomerular/Bowman capsule

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 How Kidneys Produce Urine
(Slide 5 of 12)

Three steps in the formation of urine

• Glomerular filtration (water, sugar, wastes,
salts)
• Tubular reabsorption (water, sugar, sodium)
• Tubular secretion (acids, potassium, drugs)

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How Kidneys Produce Urine
(Slide 6 of 12)

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How Kidneys Produce Urine
(Slide 7 of 12)

• The glomerulus and a renal

tubule combine to form a unit
called a nephron.

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How Kidneys Produce Urine
(Slide 8 of 12)

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 QUICK QUIZ (Slide 2 of 8)
2. Approximately how many nephrons are in a
kidney?
A. 100,000,000
B. 10,000,000
C. 1,000,000
D. 100,000

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 • All collecting tubules lead to the
renal pelvis.
How Kidneys • Calyces or calices are small,
Produce Urine cuplike regions of the renal pelvis;
the term comes from the Greek,
(Slide 9 of 12) kalux, meaning a cup or case
surrounding a flower bud.

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How Kidneys Produce Urine
(Slide 10 of 12)

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How Kidneys Produce Urine
(Slide 11 of 12)

Functions of the Kidneys

• Remove nitrogenous wastes
• Balance water and electrolytes
• Release hormones
• Degrade and eliminate hormones

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How Kidneys Produce Urine
(Slide 12 of 12)

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Vocabulary (Slide 1 of 14)
Term
arteriole
calyx or calix
catheter
cortex
creatinine
electrolyte

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 Vocabulary (Slide 2 of 14)
Term Meaning/Definition
arteriole Small artery
calyx or calix Cuplike collecting region of the renal pelvis;
the term comes from the Greek, kalux,
meaning a cup or case surrounding a flower
bud
catheter Tube for injecting or removing fluids
cortex Outer region of an organ
creatinine Nitrogenous waste excreted in urine
electrolyte Chemical element that carries an electrical
charge when dissolved in water.

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Vocabulary (Slide 3 of 14)

Term
erythropoietin (EPO)
filtration
glomerular capsule
glomerulus
hilum

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 Vocabulary (Slide 4 of 14)
Term Meaning/Definition
erythropoietin Hormone secreted by the kidney to stimulate
(EPO) production of red blood cells by bone marrow;
-poietin means a substance that forms
filtration Process whereby some substances pass
through a filter
glomerular Enclosing structure surrounding each
capsule glomerulus; also called Bowman capsule
glomerulus Tiny ball of capillaries in the kidney
hilum Depression in the part of an organ where
blood vessels and nerves enter and leave;
comes from the Latin meaning a small thing

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Vocabulary (Slide 5 of 14)
Term

kidney

meatus

medulla

nephron

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 Vocabulary (Slide 6 of 14)
Term Meaning/Definition
kidney One of two bean-shaped organs that filter
nitrogenous waste from the bloodstream to
form urine
meatus Opening or canal
medulla Inner region of an organ; the term comes from
the Latin, medulla, meaning marrow
nephron The functional unit of the
kidney where filtration,
reabsorption, and secretion
take place

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Vocabulary (Slide 7 of 14)
Term

nitrogenous waste

potassium (K+)

reabsorption

renal artery

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 Vocabulary (Slide 8 of 14)
Term Meaning/Definition
nitrogenous waste Substance containing nitrogen
and excreted in urine;
examples are urea, uric acid,
and creatine
potassium (K+) An electrolyte regulated by the kidney
reabsorption Renal tubules return materials necessary to
the body back into the bloodstream
renal artery Blood vessel that carries blood to the
kidney

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Vocabulary (Slide 9 of 14)
Term

renal pelvis

renal tubules

renal vein

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 Vocabulary (Slide 10 of 14)

Term Meaning/Definition
renal pelvis Central collection region in the kidney
renal tubules Microscopic tubes in the kidney where
urine is formed after filtration
renal vein Blood vessel that carries blood away from
the kidney

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Vocabulary (Slide 11 of 14)
Term

renin

sodium (Na+)

trigone

urea

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 Vocabulary (Slide 12 of 14)
Term Meaning/Definition
renin Enzyme secreted by the kidney that raises
blood pressure
sodium (Na+) An electrolyte regulated in the blood and
urine by the kidneys; a common form of
sodium is sodium chloride (salt)
trigone Triangular area in the urinary bladder
urea Major nitrogenous waste excreted in urine

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Vocabulary (Slide 13 of 14)
Term

ureter

urethra

uric acid

urinary bladder

urination (voiding)

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 Vocabulary (Slide 14 of 14)
Term Meaning/Definition
ureter One of two tubes leading from the kidneys
to the urinary bladder
urethra Tube leading from the urinary bladder to
the outside of the body
uric acid Nitrogenous waste product excreted in the
urine
urinary bladder Hollow, muscular sac that holds and stores
urine
urination (voiding) Process of expelling urine; also called
micturition

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 Terminology:
Structures (Slide 1 of 6)
Combining Form
cali/o, calic/o
cyst/o
glomerul/o
meat/o

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 Terminology:
Structures (Slide 2 of 6)

Combining Form Meaning

cali/o, calic/o calyx (calix); cup-shaped
cyst/o urinary bladder
glomerul/o glomerulus
meat/o meatus

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 Terminology:
Structures (Slide 3 of 6)

Combining Form
nephr/o
pyel/o
ren/o
trigon/o

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 Terminology:
Structures (Slide 4 of 6)

Combining Form Meaning

nephr/o kidney
pyel/o renal pelvis
ren/o kidney
trigon/o trigone

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 Terminology:
Structures (Slide 5 of 6)

Combining Form

ureter/o

urethr/o

vesic/o

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 Terminology:
Structures (Slide 6 of 6)

Combining Form Meaning

ureter/o ureter
urethr/o urethra
vesic/o urinary bladder

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 Terminology:
Substances and Symptoms (Slide 1 of 6)

Combining Form
albumin/o
azot/o
bacteri/o
dips/o

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 Terminology:
Substances and Symptoms (Slide 2 of 6)

Combining Form Meaning

albumin/o albumin
azot/o nitrogen
bacteri/o bacteria
dips/o thirst

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 Terminology:
Substances and Symptoms (Slide 3 of 6)

Combining Form
kal/o
ket/o, keton/o
lith/o
natr/o
noct/o
olig/o

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 Terminology:
Substances and Symptoms (Slide 4 of 6)
Combining Form Meaning
kal/o potassium
ket/o, keton/o ketone bodies
lith/o stone
natr/o sodium
noct/o night
olig/o scanty

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 Terminology:
Substances and Symptoms (Slide 5 of 6)
Combining Form or Suffix
-poietin
py/o
-tripsy
ur/o
-uria
urin/o

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 Terminology:
Substances and Symptoms (Slide 6 of 6)

Combining Form or Suffix Meaning

-poietin substance that forms
py/o pus
-tripsy to crush
ur/o urea
-uria urination; urine condition
urin/o urine

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Urinalysis (Slide 1 of 2)
Tests Included in a Urinalysis
1. Color
2. Appearance
3. pH
4. Protein
5. Glucose
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 Urinalysis (Slide 2 of 2)
Tests Included in a Urinalysis (continued)

6. Specific gravity
7. Ketone bodies
8. Sediment
9. Phenylketonuria
10. Bilirubin
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 QUICK QUIZ (Slide 3 of 8)
3. In a urinalysis, what does the test
of specific gravity reflect?
A. The chemical nature of urine
B. The presence of albumin
C. Blood in the urine
D. The amount of wastes,
minerals, and solids in the urine

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 Pathologic Conditions (Slide 1 of 5)

Kidney
• Glomerulonephritis
• Interstitial nephritis
• Nephrolithiasis
• Nephrotic syndrome

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Pathologic Conditions
(Slide 2 of 5)

• Kidney
• Polycystic
• kidney
• disease (PKD)

• PKD—The kidneys contain

masses of cysts. Typically
polycystic kidneys weigh 20
times more than their usual
weight.

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 Pathologic Conditions (Slide 3 of 5)

Kidney
• Pyelonephritis
• Renal cell carcinoma
• Renal failure
• Renal hypertension
• Wilms tumor

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Pathologic Conditions (Slide 4 of
5)

• Kidney
• Renal cell
• carcinoma

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 Pathologic Conditions (Slide 5 of 5)

Urinary bladder
• Bladder cancer

Associated conditions
• Diabetes insipidus (DI)
• Diabetes mellitus (DM)

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 QUICK QUIZ (Slide 4 of 8)
4. A term that means frequent
(voluntary) urination at night is:
A. anuria
B. nocturia
C. diuresis
D. hematuria

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Abbreviations (Slide 1 of 6)
Abbreviation
ADH
AKI
ARF
BILI
BUN
CAPD
Cath
CCPD
CKD

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 Abbreviations (Slide 2 of 6)
Abbreviation Meaning
ADH Antidiuretic hormone
AKI Acute renal injury
ARF Acute renal failure
BILI Bilirubin
BUN Blood urea nitrogen
CAPD Continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis
Cath Catheter; catheterization
CCPD Continuous cycling peritoneal dialysis
CKD Chronic kidney disease

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Abbreviations (Slide 3 of 6)
Abbreviation
CL-
CrCl
CRF
C&S
Cysto
eGFR
ESRD
ESWL
HCO3-
HD
IC

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 Abbreviations (Slide 4 of 6)
Abbreviation Meaning
CL- Chloride, a kidney excretion
CrCl Creatinine clearance
CRF Chronic renal failure
C&S Culture and sensitivity testing
Cysto Cystoscopic examination
eGFR Estimated glomerular filtration rate
ESRD End-stage renal disease
ESWL Extracorporeal shockwave lithrotripsy
HCO3- Bicarbonate, an electrolyte conserved by the kidney
HD Hemodialysis
IC Interstitial cystitis, chronic inflammation of the bladder wall

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Abbreviations (Slide 5 of 6)
Abbreviation
IVP
K+
KUB
Na+
PD
pH
PKD
sp gr
UA
UTI
VCUG

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 Abbreviations (Slide 6 of 6)
Abbreviation Meaning
IVP Intravenous pyelogram
K+ Potassium, an electrolyte
KUB Kidney ureter and bladder
Na+ Sodium, an electrolyte
PD Peritoneal dialysis
pH Potential hydrogen; degree of acidity or alkalinity
PKD Phenylketonuria
sp gr Specific gravity
UA Urinalysis
UTI Urinary tract infection
VCUG Voiding cystourethrogram

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 QUICK QUIZ (Slide 5 of 8)
5. The abbreviation RP is associated
with which of the following?
A. Fluid is injected into the peritoneal
cavity and then drained out.
B. Contrast is injected into the urinary
bladder and ureters, and x-rays are
taken of the urinary tract.
C. Nitrogenous wastes are removed from
the patient’s blood.
D. An electrolyte is secreted by renal
tubules.
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 Review Sheet:
Combining Forms (Slide 1 of 10)

Combining Form
albumino/o
angi/o
azot/o
bacteri/o
cali/o, calic/o
cyst/o

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 Review Sheet:
Combining Forms (Slide 2 of 10)

Combining Form Meaning

albumino/o albumin (protein)
angi/o vessel (blood)
azot/o urea; nitrogen
bacteri/o bacteria
cali/o, calic/o calyx (calix); cup-shaped
cyst/o urinary bladder

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 Review Sheet:
Combining Forms (Slide 3 of 10)

Combining Form
dips/o
glomerul/o
glycos/o
hydr/o
isch/o
kal/o
ket/o; keton/o

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 Review Sheet:
Combining Forms (Slide 4 of 10)

Combining Form Meaning

dips/o thirst
glomerul/o glomerulus
glycos/o sugar
hydr/o water
isch/o to hold back; back
kal/o potassium
ket/o; keton/o ketones; acetones

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 Review Sheet:
Combining Forms (Slide 5 of 10)
Combining Form
lith/o
meat/o
natr/o
necr/o
nephr/o
noct/o
ogli/o

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 Review Sheet:
Combining Forms (Slide 6 of 10)

Combining Form Meaning

lith/o stone
meat/o meatus
natr/o sodium
necr/o death
nephr/o kidney
noct/o night
ogli/o scanty

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 Review Sheet:
Combining Forms (Slide 7 of 10)

Combining Form
py/o
pyel/o
ren/o
trigon/o
ur/o

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 Review Sheet:
Combining Forms (Slide 8 of 10)

Combining Form Meaning

py/o pus
pyel/o renal pelvis
ren/o kidney
trigon/o trigone
ur/o urine; urinary tract

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 Review Sheet:
Combining Forms (Slide 9 of 10)

Combining Form
ureter/o
urethr/o
urin/o
vesic/o

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 Review Sheet:
Combining Forms (Slide 10 of 10)

Combining Form Meaning

ureter/o ureter
urethr/o urethra
urin/o urine
vesic/o urinary bladder

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 Review Sheet:
Suffixes (Slide 1 of 8)

Suffix
-ectasis
-ectomy
-emia
-esis
-gram
-lithiasis

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 Review Sheet:
Suffixes (Slide 2 of 8)

Suffix Meaning
-ectasis stretching; dilation
-ectomy removal; excision
-emia blood condition
-esis condition
-gram record
-lithiasis condition of stones

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 Review Sheet:
Suffixes (Slide 3 of 8)

Suffix
-lithotomy
-lysis
-megaly
-ole
-osis
-pathy

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 Review Sheet:
Suffixes (Slide 4 of 8)

Suffix Meaning
-lithotomy incision for removal of a stone
-lysis breakdown
-megaly enlargement
-ole little; small
-osis condition
-pathy disease

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 Review Sheet:
Suffixes (Slide 5 of 8)

Suffix
-plasty
-poietin
-ptosis
-rrhea
-sclerosis
-stomy

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 Review Sheet:
Suffixes (Slide 6 of 8)

Suffix Meaning
-plasty surgical repair
-poietin substance that forms
-ptosis droop; sag
-rrhea flow; discharge
-sclerosis hardening
-stomy new opening (to form a mouth)

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 Review Sheet:
Suffixes (Slide 7 of 8)

Suffix
-tomy
-tripsy
-uria

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 Review Sheet:
Suffixes (Slide 8 of 8)

Suffix Meaning
-tomy process of cutting
-tripsy to crush
-uria urination

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 Review Sheet:
Prefixes (Slide 1 of 4)

Prefix
a-, an-
anti-
dia-
dys-

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 Review Sheet:
Prefixes (Slide 2 of 4)

Prefix Meaning
a-, an- not; without
anti- again
dia- complete
dys- bad; painful

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 Review Sheet:
Prefixes (Slide 3 of 4)

Prefix
en-
peri-
poly-
retro-

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 Review Sheet:
Prefixes (Slide 4 of 4)

Prefix Meaning
en- in; within
peri- surrounding
poly- many, much
retro- behind; back

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QUICK QUIZ (Slide 6 of 8)

6. The combining form dips/o means:

A. stone
B. scanty
C. thirst
D. water

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QUICK QUIZ (Slide 7 of 8)
7. Which combining form means pus?
A. pyel/o
B. lith/o
C. ogli/o
D. py/o

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 QUICK QUIZ (Slide 8 of 8)
8. The combining form isch/o means:
A. scanty
B. to hold back; back
C. night
D. trigon

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 Thank You!

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