太陽熱能發電 ( Solar-Thermal Electricity):
Power Towers
The solar power tower (also known as 'Central Tower' power plants or '
Heliostat' power plants or power towers) is a type of solar furnace using
a tower to receive the focused sunlight. It uses an array of flat, movable
mirrors (called heliostats) to focus the sun's rays upon a collector tower
(the target).
Early designs used these focused rays to heat water, and used the
resulting steam to power a turbine. However, designs using liquid
sodium ( 鈉 )in place of water have been demonstrated; and systems
using molten salts (40% potassium nitrate, 60% sodium nitrate) as the
working fluids are now in operation. this is a metal with high
heat capacity, which can be used to store the energy before using it to
boil water to drive turbines. These designs allow power to be generated
when the sun is not shining.
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太陽熱能發電 ( Solar-Thermal Electricity):
Power Towers
General idea is to collect the light from many
reflectors spread over a large area at one
central point to achieve high temperature.
An energy storage system allows it to
generate 7 MW of electric power without
sunlight.
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Solar-Thermal Electricity: Power
Towers
Capital cost is greater than coal fired power
plant, despite the no cost for fuel, ash
disposal, and stack emissions.
Capital costs are expected to decline as more
and more power towers are built with
greater technological advances.
One way to reduce cost is to use the waste
steam from the turbine for space heating or
other industrial processes.
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Solar-Thermal Electricity: Power
Towers
Installed Yearly
Power plants capacity production Country Developer/Owner
(MW) (TWh)
Sierra SunTower 5 United States eSolar
PS20 solar power 20 Spain Abengoa
tower
17 (under
Solar Tres Power T Spain Sener
ower construction)
PS10 solar power 11 Spain Abengoa
tower
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Solar-Thermal Electricity: Power
Towers
Power tower in Barstow, California.
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Solar-Thermal Electricity: Power Towers
這座太陽能牧場座落在南加州 Mojave 沙漠中，佔地 5.5 平方英哩、稱為中央集光塔的中央高塔高度為 459 英呎；
透過 30 萬片定日鏡（ heliostat ）玻璃隨著太陽移動跟著變換角度，將光線（能量）集中到中央集光塔的頂端，塔頂的
熱吸收器被加熱到極高溫，便會啟動熱交換機和鍋爐產生蒸氣來驅動發電機。發電量達 392MW 。 (2014/2 月運轉 )
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Solar-Thermal Electricity: Power
Towers
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Steam generator
Swimming water
heating
Domestic water
heating
Steam generator
Space heating
太陽能熱水器 (Solar water heater)
Solar water heating or solar hot water is water
heated by the use of solar energy.
Solar water heating systems are generally
composed of solar thermal collectors, a water
storage tank, interconnecting pipes and a fluid
system to move the heat from the collector to
the tank.
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Solar water heater
This thermodynamic approach is distinct from
semiconductor PV (photovoltaic) cells that
generate electricity from light; solar water
heating deals with the direct heating of liquids
by the sun where no electricity is directly
generated.
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Solar water heater
A solar water heating system can form part of a
solar thermal cooling system, promoting
efficient temperature control of buildings.
During cool conditions, the same system can
provide hot water.
Solar heating of buildings in temperate climates
has a season-problem: In winter, when most
heating is needed, least is available from the
sun. This can often be solved by storing solar
heat in the ground or in groundwater.
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太陽能熱水器集熱器
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佳 13
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How Solar Water Heater Work
Cold water is moved via a pump from a water
tank and travels through solar collectors in a
solar panel. In the process, it is heated up by
the power of the sun hitting the solar
collectors.
This heat is then carried away from the solar
collectors by the water returning to a heated
storage tank. Some solar water heaters have a
shut-off valve that automatically closes when
the sun goes down in order to save heated 16
How Solar Water Heater Work
Intelligent automation is the key to the solar
water heater's outstanding efficiency and self-
sufficiency. solar water heater will turn on and
off daily, collecting heat whenever it is
available. The automatic controller alerts the
pump when to run. It also alerts the automatic
check valve to open, simultaneously.
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How Solar Water Heater Work
The pump then circulates colder water (from
the bottom of your special solar storage tank)
through your solar collector(s), and returns the
heated water to the tank. This cycle continues
as long as sun is available to provide heat to
your water. When there is no heat available,
the controller turns the pump off, and closes
the check valve to prevent any loss of heat
from the tank.
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Solar water
heating (SWH)
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Solar water
heating (SWH)
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Solar water
heating (SWH)
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Solar water
heating (SWH)
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Collector and System Types
Five main aspects of solar systems:
1. Heat collection
2. Heat transfer
3. Heat storage
4. Heat backup
5. Extreme temperature protection
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the typical structure of a
low pressure solar water heater
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The advantages of
Solar Water Heating Systems
With the rising cost of energy and the prospect
of shortages in the future, the idea of
harnessing the power of the sun as a renewable
energy source is gaining in popularity around
the world. According to Solar Direct, there are
more than 300,000 solar water heating units
installed in the U.S., and the number is
growing as people realize the many
advantages of solar heating.
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The advantages of
Solar Water Heating Systems
Initial costs to install a solar water heating
system range from $2,500 to $5,000 for an
active system(with pump), which will produce
between 80 to 100 gallons of hot water per
day, to as little as $1,000 to $2,000 for a
passive system with lower capacity.
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The advantages of
Solar Water Heating Systems
Since solar water heating systems save more
than 50 percent on hot water energy bills, most
homeowners recoup these expenses within 10
years. Homeowners also receive federal and
state tax credits for installing solar power
systems.
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The advantages of
Solar Water Heating Systems
Using solar energy has a positive impact on the
environment by reducing the use of
nonrenewable energy sources to heat water,
such as gas, coal, oil or nuclear power. Solar
energy is safe, efficient, reliable and non-
polluting. The consumer has direct control
over the system, and unlike conventional water
heaters, hot water is available even during a
power outage.
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The disadvantages of
Solar Water Heating Systems
If a hot water tank or heat exchanger is used, it
must be positioned above the solar collector in
order for the thermosiphon to flow. This can
cause problems as most solar systems are on
roofs of houses. Many design options are now
available that facilitate the storing of hot water
above the system.
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The disadvantages of
Solar Water Heating Systems
They are used mainly in the warmer areas.
If used in colder areas, the efficiency is very
low.
Batch collector might damage due to hot
conditions.
Strong roof needed as they are heavy.
High stand-by losses
Lack of versatility( 多用途 ).
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