SOCIALIZATION

What is SOCIALIZATION?
• Socialization is the process through which people
are taught to be a proficient/accomplished
members of a society.

• It describes the ways that people come to

understand societal norms and expectations, to
accept society’s beliefs, and to be aware of
societal values.
 Context of Socialization

⮚The context is like the theater or stage in

which socialization occurs.
⮚Social context includes culture, language,
and social structures such as the class,
ethnic, and gender hierarchies of a society.
 SOCIALIZATION
INSTITUTIONS
❑ Family
⮚It is the center of the child’s life, as infants are
totally dependent on others.
⮚Families pass on many things to their children, including:
• Cultural knowledge
• Values
• Religious Practices
• World views
SOCIALIZATION INSTITUTIONS
❑Schools
⮚When children attend schools and daycares,
they receive instruction and socialization
outside the family.
⮚Children learn social skills, independence,
and time management techniques that will
remain useful in the future.
 SOCIALIZATION INSTITUTIONS
❑Peers
⮚Children learn how to interact with others form their
peers.
⮚Peer groups affect children’s interest, speech
patterns, beliefs about the world, and approaches to
a variety situations.
⮚Children who regularly interact with their peers in
positive ways to develop robust social skills and may
clearer sense of their place in their own society.
 SOCIALIZATION INSTITUTIONS
❑Mass Media
⮚It is an increasingly important agent of socialization in the
lives of many people, but it may be particularly impactful
in the lives of children.
⮚Media can have many positive benefits, such as:
• Broadening one’s cultural horizons
• Allowing individuals to connect with friends and family
• Giving people access to information they may not
otherwise have had
 WAYS OF SOCIALIZATION
1. Socialization starts with the face and the body
language.
• A smile indicates your willingness to know more
about the event and the people attending it.
• It guarantees you a higher probability of winning
the interest of the people that you might no longer
need to make the first move to engage in
conversations.
[Link] a clean sense of humor.
• If you have the natural knack of making
people laugh, then you would find it easy to
socialize.
[Link] attentive throughout the conversation.
• Showing a sincere interest in what others are
saying inspires a fruitful exchange of ideas.
[Link] an open and positive frame of mind.
• When joining a social activity, you should expect to
encounter people of varied beliefs, nationality,
religion, orientation and sensibilities.
[Link] the distance and personal space of others.
• You may radiate with well-mannered interactive skills ,
but if others refuse to reciprocate your enthusiasm,
move to another group that seems to be more
welcoming.
 TYPES OF SOCIALIZATION
1. Primary Socialization
2. Secondary Socialization
3. Developmental
Socialization
4. Anticipatory Socialization
5. Re-socialization
 Primary Socialization
⮚Occurs from the moment a child is born until
around the age of five years.
⮚Child begins to learn their culture’s behaviors,
language, values, and cognitive skills.
⮚The child learn things from immediate family
members.
 Secondary Socialization
⮚Refers to the process of learning what is the
appropriate behavior as a member of a
smaller group within the larger society.
⮚It is the behavioral patterns reinforced by
socializing agents of society.
⮚Secondary socialization takes place outside
the home.
 Developmental Socialization
⮚At this stage, a person develops their social
skills.
⮚The individual is focused on reaching
maximum heights in their social development.
⮚A person can determine which skills they will
need, which ones must be eliminated, and
which ones will be developed for a long time.
 Anticipatory Socialization
⮚At this stage, a definite style of
communication of a person is formed by the
people from the nearest surrounding.
⮚Now the individual has figured out the skills
they have learned and began to apply them
in society.
⮚Now an individual understands how to build
a relationship with society in the future.
 Re-socialization
⮚During this period, people reject the
habits that they have developed over
the years.
⮚A person refuses their usual style of
communication and building
relationships with people.
⮚Now they are building a new model
of behavior on which they will rely.
 Gender Stereotypes
(notion/generalization)
⮚Strong influence on socialization
processes.
⮚Cultural expectations for gender roles
and gendered behavior are
conveyed/carry/bear to children through
color-coded clothes and sort of games.
 RACIAL SOCIALIZATIONS
Also plays a factor in socialization. Since white people
bear a disproportionate experience of police violence,
they can encourage their children to defend and know
their rights when the authorities try to violate them. In
contrast, parents of color must instruct their children to
remain calm, compliant and secure in the presence of
law Enforcement.
 CONSEQUENCES
⮚As a result of socialization
experiences, newcomers to any organization
will learn what behaviors, attitudes, work
styles, norms, career paths, etc., that
organization considers acceptable.
⮚Refer to the way a person conceives and
conducts after undergoing this process.
ROLES AND STATUS

•Roles are the sets of expectations

from the people who occupy
particular status.
•Status is an individual’s in his/her
society, which carries with its set of
define rights and obligations
Status has 2 Types:
❖ Ascribed Status: Achieved Status:
❖ Daughter Friend
❖ Sister Worker
❖ Female Student
❖ 17 Team Leader
❖ Filipino Class officer
Ascribed Status
• A term used in sociology that refers to the social
status of a person that is assigned at birth or
assumed involuntarily/without choice later in
life.
Achieved Status
• Is a concept developed by anthropologist
Ralph Linton for a social position that a
person can acquire on the basis of merit and
is earned or chosen.
• It is the opposite of ascribed status and
reflects personal skills, abilities, and efforts.
What is the difference between ascribed
status and achieved status?
•According to Linton, ascribed status is
assigned to an individual without
reference to their innate differences or
abilities while Achieved status is
determined by an individual’s
performance or effort.
Objective:
Poster Slogan Making
Create a powerful and creative poster that includes a slogan reflecting the importance of socialization in
society.
Instructions : You will design a poster with a creative slogan that shows how socialization helps people learn
how to behave, interact, and become part of their culture or community.
What Is Socialization?
Socialization is the process by which individuals learn the values, beliefs, norms, and behaviors that are necessary for participating in
society.

Create a Slogan (Short and Powerful): Design Your Poster (30–40 minutes):
Your slogan should be: • Include your slogan clearly and boldly.
• Catchy and easy to remember.
• Related to the concept of socialization.
• Add illustrations, symbols, or drawings
• Reflective of how people learn from and that represent different agents of
interact with others. socialization.
Examples: • Be creative—use colors and visuals to
• “We Learn Life Through Others.” make your message stand out.
• “Socialization Starts with Hello.”
• “Shaped by Society, Strengthened by
• Make sure your message is easy to
Connection.” understand.
1. Enculturation
Definition:
The process by which individuals learn their own culture, including its language, norms, values, customs, and social practices,
usually from birth.
Key Features:
• Happens mostly in childhood through family, education, religion, and media
• Ensures the continuity of cultural traditions
• Often unconscious or informal (e.g., learning table manners or respect for elders)
Example:
A child in Japan learning to bow when greeting elders, understanding politeness, and speaking Japanese.

2. Assimilation
Definition:
A process where individuals or groups adopt the cultural traits of another (usually dominant) culture, losing aspects of their
original identity.
Key Features:
• Often occurs in immigrant communities
• Can be voluntary or forced
• May result in the loss of language, customs, or traditions of the original culture
Example:
A refugee family moves to France and over time speaks only French, adopts French customs, and stops practicing their traditional
holidays.
3. Acculturation
Definition:
The process of cultural exchange and adaptation when different cultures come into direct contact, but individuals retain aspects
of their original culture.
Key Features:
• Involves mutual influence
• Different from assimilation because original culture is not entirely lost
• Common in multicultural societies
Example:
A Mexican immigrant in the U.S. learns English and adopts some American customs, but still celebrates Día de los Muertos and
cooks traditional Mexican food at home.

4. Multiculturalism
Definition:
A social and political philosophy or policy that values and promotes the coexistence of diverse cultures in a society.
Key Features:
• Encourages cultural diversity and inclusion
• Respects the rights of different groups to maintain their cultural identity
• Often associated with policies in countries like Canada or Australia
Example:
In Canada, multiculturalism is promoted by law, allowing people from various ethnic backgrounds to celebrate their heritage while
being full citizens.
Term Focus Cultural Identity Maintained? Common Context

Enculturation Learning one’s own culture Yes Childhood, daily life

Absorbing into a dominant

Assimilation No or minimal Immigration, colonization
culture

Cultural exchange &

Acculturation Yes (partially) Immigration, trade, contact
adaptation

Coexistence of multiple
Multiculturalism Yes National policy, society
cultures
1. Emile Durkheim (1858–1917)
Nationality: French
Known for: Founding figure of modern sociology
Key Contributions:
• Emphasized that society is more than just a collection of individuals—it
has its own structure and influence.
• Studied how social facts (like norms, values, laws) shape behavior.
• Famous for his study on suicide, showing it’s not just a personal act but
influenced by social integration and regulation.
• Introduced concepts like mechanical and organic solidarity to explain
social cohesion in traditional vs. modern societies.
Legacy:
Durkheim helped make sociology a recognized academic discipline and
showed that even deeply personal actions are shaped by society.
2. Karl Marx (1818–1883)
Nationality: German
Known for: Theories of class struggle and critique of capitalism
Key Contributions:
• Believed that economic systems shape society and human relationships.
• Divided society into two main classes: bourgeoisie (owners of production)
and proletariat (working class).
• Predicted that class conflict would lead to revolution and eventually a
classless, communist society.
• Co-wrote The Communist Manifesto and Das Kapital.
Legacy:
Marx’s ideas influenced political movements around the world and laid the
groundwork for conflict theory in sociology.
3. Charles Horton Cooley (1864–1929)
Nationality: American
Known for: The concept of the "looking-glass self"
Key Contributions:
• Introduced the idea that a person’s sense of self develops through
interactions with others.
• The “looking-glass self” has three parts:
• We imagine how others see us.
• We imagine how they judge us.
• We develop a self-concept based on this perception.
• Emphasized the importance of primary groups (like family and
close friends) in shaping identity.
Legacy:
Cooley’s work is foundational in understanding socialization and
the development of the self in sociology and psychology.
4. Max Weber (1864–1920)
Nationality: German
Known for: Verstehen (interpretive understanding), bureaucracy, and the
Protestant ethic
Key Contributions:
• Emphasized the importance of subjective meaning—understanding actions
from the actor’s point of view (Verstehen).
• Studied how religion, especially Protestantism, helped shape the
development of capitalism (see The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of
Capitalism).
• Analyzed how bureaucracy is a rational form of organization, but warned it
could lead to an “iron cage” of rules and impersonality.
Legacy:
Weber is central to symbolic interactionism and interpretive sociology. He
brought a deep understanding of the role of culture, ideas, and meaning in
social life.
Thinker Main Focus Key Idea
Social structure, Society as a system;
Emile Durkheim
norms, integration social facts
Economic systems, Class struggle,
Karl Marx
class conflict capitalism critique
Self and identity
Charles H. Cooley Looking-glass self
through interaction
Verstehen,
Meaning, ideas, and
Max Weber bureaucracy,
organization
Protestant ethic
Cultural Relativism – Definition and Explanation
Cultural relativism is the idea that a person's beliefs, values, and
practices should be understood based on that person's own
culture, rather than judged against the criteria of another culture.

Cultural relativism means recognizing that no one culture is

superior to another and that cultural practices should be
understood within their own framework.