Welcome
To
RADIX ACADEMY
09/20/2025 Presented by MM Rana 1
Masud Rana
RN, MSN (NIANER)
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Learning Objectives
After completion of this lesson you will be able
to-
define immunity
describe the types of immunity
differentiate active and passive immunity
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IMMUNITY
The term immunity refers to the body’s
specific protective response to an invading
foreign agent or organism.
The human body has the ability to resist
almost all types of organisms or toxins that
tend to damage the tissues and organs .The
capability is called immunity.
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Antigen & Antibody
Antigen: a toxin or other foreign substance
which induces an immune response in the body,
especially the production of antibodies.
Two types:
1. Exogenous: e.g. viruses, bacteria, parasites, fungi,
pollen etc.
2. Endogenous: exits on cells inside the body.
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Antibody
An antibody is a protein produced by the body's
immune system when it detects harmful substances,
called antigens.
Antibodies are categorized into five classes according
to their location.
1. IgA 2. IgD 3. IgE 4. IgG
5. IgM
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TYPES OF IMMUNITY
Immunity
Adaptive
(Acquired) Innate (Inborn)
Active Passive
Natural Artificial Natural Artificial
(Infection) (vaccine) (maternal) (Antibody transfer)
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INNATE IMMUNITY (Inborn)
Resistance to infection which an individual
Possesses by virtue of his genetic and
constitutional makeup. e.g. primary defense
mechanism include-skin, saliva, respiratory
tract, Intestinal tract, conjunctiva, HCL, Normal
flora, cellular factor(macrophages)
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ADAPTIVE IMMUNITY
• This is inducible and develops slowly than the
innate response
• This is specific kinds of immunity and has
memory, therefore providing Long term
protection.
• This occurs with contact of foreign particles
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Types of Immunity Conti..
Natural active
immunity: occurs
when the person is
exposed to a live
pathogen, develops
the disease, and
becomes immune as a
result of the primary
response.
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Types of Immunity Conti..
Natural Passive Immunity: occurs during pregnancy,
in which certain antibodies are passed from the
maternal into the fetal bloodstream. e.g. IgA via breast
milk.
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Types of Immunity Conti..
Artificial Active
Immunity: can induced
by a vaccine, a
substance that contains
the antigen.
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Types of Immunity Conti..
Artificial passive
immunity: is a short-term
immunization by the
injection of antibodies,
such as TIg, HRIG etc.
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Herd Immunity
'Herd immunity', also known as
'population immunity', is the
indirect protection from an
infectious disease that
happens when a population is
immune either through
vaccination or immunity
developed through previous
infection.
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Difference between Active vs Passive Immunity
Active Immunity Passive Immunity
Induced by infection Conferred by administration of
ready made antibodies
Long lasting and effective Short lived and less effective
protection
Effective only after lag period Effective immediately
Immunological memory No immunological memory
present
Not applicable to Applicable to immunodeficient
immunodeficient person people
Used for prophylaxis to Used for treatment of acute
increase body resistance. E.g. infection
BCG vaccine
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Functions of Antibody
Antibody Functions
IgA Found in saliva, tears, mucus, breast milk and
intestinal fluid, IgA protects against ingested and
inhaled pathogens.
IgD This antibody is found on the surface of your B cells.
Though its exact function is unclear, experts think
that IgD supports B cell maturation and activation.
IgE Found mainly in skin, lungs and mucus membranes,
IgE antibodies cause mast cells (a type of white
blood cell) to release histamine and other chemicals
into bloodstream. IgE antibodies can cause allergic
reactions.
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Functions of Antibody
Antibody Functions
IgG This is the most common antibody, making up
approximately 70% to 75% of all immunoglobulin in
thebody. It’s found mainly in blood and tissue fluids.
IgG antibodies help protect your body from viral and
bacterial infections.
IgM Found in blood and lymph system, IgM antibodies
act as the first line of defense against infections.
They also play a large role in immune regulation.
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