Control Flow: Statements and Blocks

 Control statements are used to control the “Flow of

Control”.
 It specifies the order in which the various
instructions/statements in a program should be
executed.
 A statement is the smallest unit of execution in C.
 Each statement ends with a semicolon (;).
 Statements tell the compiler what action to perform
 2 Types :
1 : Decision Making Control Statement : It allows
the computer to take a decision as to which
statement is to be executed next based on certain
conditions.
2 : Loop Control Statement : These are used to
execute a group of statements repeatedly.
 1 : Decision Making Control Statements
or selection control statements

 It allow a program to choose different paths

of execution depending on conditions
(true/false).
 They control the flow of the program based on
logical decisions.
 Types of Decision-Making Statements in C
1 : if statement
2 : if…else statement
3 : nested if statement
4 : else if ladder
5 : switch statement
 1 : if statement
 When the condition of if is true, The
statements present within the if block are
executed.
 Otherwise if block is skipped by transferring
the control directly to the first statement after
the if block.
 Executes a block of code only if the condition is
true.
 1. Single Statement if

Syntax :
if (condition)
statement;
Example :
if (x > 0)
printf("Positive number");
 2. Block (Multiple Statements) if
 For multiple statements called as Compound Statements
 Syntax :
 if (condition) {
statement1;
statement2;
...
}
Example :
int num;
printf("Enter a number: ");
scanf("%d", &num);

if (num > 0) {
printf("The number is positive.\n");
printf("You entered: %d\n", num);
printf("Good job!\n");
}
 Rules to be followed regarding if statement

1 : Condition must be inside

parentheses ().
2 : Condition should be a valid
logical/relational expression.
3 : No semicolon right after if(condition).
4 : Single statement doesn’t need { }
braces.
5 : Multiple statements must be enclosed
in { } braces.
Flowchart of if condition
 2 : If else statement
 It allows the program to execute one
block of code if a condition is true,
and another block of code if the condition
is false.
Syntax :
if (condition) {
// Block of statements if condition is TRUE
}
else {
// Block of statements if condition is FALSE
}
 Syntax for multiple statements

 if (condition) {
// Statement 1
// Statement 2
// Statement 3
}
else {
// Statement A
// Statement B
// Statement C
}
 Example :
int marks;
printf("Enter your marks: ");
scanf("%d", &marks);

if (marks >= 40) {

printf("Congratulations!\n");
printf("You have passed the exam.\n");
printf("Keep up the good work!\n");
}
else {
printf("Sorry!\n");
printf("You have failed the exam.\n");
printf("Better luck next time.\n");
}
Flowchart for if else
condition
 3 : Nested If Statement
 A nested if is an if statement placed inside another if or else
if.
It is used when you need to test multiple conditions
hierarchically (one inside another).
 Syntax :
 1 : Simple Nested if

if (condition1) {
if (condition2) {
// executes when condition1 AND condition2 are true
}
}
Example :
if (age >= 18) {
if (marks >= 50) {
printf("Eligible\n");
}
}
2 : Nested If Else Statement
Here, the inner if can also have
its own else.
Syntax : Example :
if (num > 0) {
if (condition1) { if (num % 2 == 0)
if (condition2) { printf("Positive
// executes if both
Even\n");
conditions are true
} else
else { printf("Positive
// executes if condition1 Odd\n");
true but condition2 false
}
}
}
else {
else { printf("Not
// executes if condition1 is Positive\n");
false }
}
 3. Multiple Nested ifs (chain inside chain)
 You can have multiple inner ifs inside a
block.
 Syntax :
if (condition1) {
if (condition2) {
if (condition3) {
// executes if all three are
true
}
}
}
 Example :
if (a > 0) {
if (b > 0) {
if (c > 0) {
printf("All numbers are positive\n");
}
else {
printf("a and b are positive, but c is not\n");
}
}
else {
printf("a is positive, but b is not\n");
}
}
else {
printf("a is not positive\n");
}
 4. Nested if with else-if

ladder
Mixing nested if and else if ladder for multiple choices.
 Syntax :
if (condition1)
{
if (condition2)
{
statement1;
}
else if (condition3)
{
statement2;
}
else {
statement3;
}
}
else {
statement4;
}
 Example :
if (marks >= 40) {
if (marks >= 75) {
printf("Distinction\n");
}
else if (marks >= 60)
{
printf("First Class\n");
}
else
printf("Pass\n");
}
else {
printf("Fail\n");
}
Flow chart of Nesting of If Else
Statements
 4 : Else if ladder
 The else–if ladder is a decision-making
structure in C .
 It is used when we need to check
multiple conditions one after another .
 As soon as one condition is true, its
block executes and the rest are
skipped .
 If none of the conditions are true, the
final else (if present) executes.
 Syntax :
if (condition1) {
// block if condition1 is true
}
else if (condition2) {
// block if condition2 is true
}
else if (condition3) {
// block if condition3 is true
}
else {
// block if none of the above conditions are true
}
 Example :
int marks;
printf("Enter your marks: ");
scanf("%d", &marks);
if (marks >= 90) {
printf("Grade: A\n");
}
else if (marks >= 75) {
printf("Grade: B\n");
}
else if (marks >= 60) {
printf("Grade: C\n");
}
else if (marks >= 40) {
printf("Grade: D\n");
}
else {
printf("Grade: F (Fail)\n");
}
Flow Chart of else-if ladder
 5 : Switch
 The switch statement is a
decision-making structure like if–
else .
 It is used when we want to
compare a variable/expression
with multiple constant values .
 Each value is called a case .
 The switch is often cleaner than
using a long else–if ladder.
 Syntax :
switch (expression)
{
case constant1:
// code block
break;

case constant2:
// code block
break;

case constant3:
// code block
break;

default:
// code block if no case matches
}
 Important Points expression
 Inside switch must be an integer or
character type (not float, not string).
 Each case value must be unique constant
(no variables).
 break; is used to exit the switch after a
match .
 If we don’t use break, execution
continues into the next case (fall-
through).
 default is optional, but good practice.
 Day of the Week program using switch
#include <stdio.h>
int main() {
int day;
printf("Enter day number (1–7): ");
scanf("%d", &day);
switch (day) {
case 1: printf("Sunday\n");
break;
case 2: printf("Monday\n");
break;
case 3: printf("Tuesday\n");
break;
case 4: printf("Wednesday\n");
break;
case 5: printf("Thursday\n");
break;
case 6: printf("Friday\n");
break;
case 7: printf("Saturday\n");
break;
default: printf("Invalid day number\n");
}
return 0;
}
 Simple Calculator using Switch
#include <stdio.h>
int main() {
int a, b, choice;
printf("Enter two numbers: ");
scanf("%d %d", &a, &b);

printf("Choose operation: \n");

printf("1. Addition\n2. Subtraction\n3. Multiplication\n4. Division\n");
scanf("%d", &choice);

switch (choice) {
case 1: printf("Result = %d\n", a + b);
break;
case 2: printf("Result = %d\n", a - b);
break;
case 3: printf("Result = %d\n", a * b);
break;
case 4:
if (b != 0)
printf("Result = %d\n", a / b);
else
printf("Division by zero not allowed\n");
break;
default: printf("Invalid choice\n");
}
return 0;
}
Flow Chart of Switch