12-2 and 3
Newtons Laws of Motion
I. Law of Inertia
II. F = ma
III. Action-Reaction
Learning Objectives
• I can state Newton’s Laws of Motion.
• I can apply Newton’s Laws of Motion to real life
situations.
• I can describe momentum of different objects and
how it affects motion.
• I can explain the relationship between inertia and
mass.
Newton’s Laws of Motion
Background
Sir Isaac Newton (1643-1727) an English scientist
and mathematician famous for his discovery of the
law of gravity also discovered the three laws of
motion. He published them in his book
Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica
(mathematic principles of natural philosophy) in
1687. Today these laws are known as Newton’s
Laws of Motion and describe the motion of all
objects on the scale we experience in our
everyday lives.
Newton’s 3 Laws of Motion
1. An object in motion with uniform velocity
stay in motion and an object at rest tends to
stay at rest unless acted upon by an
unbalanced force.
2. Force equals mass times acceleration
(F = ma).
3. For every action there is an equal and
opposite reaction.
Newton’s First Law of
Motion:
• Also know as: Law of Inertia!
– Inertia is an objects resistance to a change in its motion (even if it isn’t
moving at all!)
– Inertia is caused because objects have mass
– The more mass an object has, the more inertia!
– “An object at rest will stay at rest unless it is acted upon by an outside
force.” (and the opposite is also true! An object in motion will stay in…blah blah blah)
Newton’s First Law
(law of inertia)
An object at rest tends to stay at rest
and an object in motion with uniform
velocity tends to stay in motion
unless acted upon by an unbalanced
force.
Newton’s Second Law
(F = ma)
The rate of change in momentum of
an object is proportional to the
applied force and take place in the
same direction in which the force
acts.
Newton’s Second Law of Motion
says:
I am
so
“To move a mass, you need a
smart force!”
…
Also known as F=ma
► MoreForce = more
Acceleration
► More
Mass = more Force
needed!
The greater the mass = greater inertia = more force
Questions
• A force of 10 N is applied to a body of mass 2 kg for 5
seconds. Find the change in momentum of the body.
• A car of mass 1,500 kg increases its velocity from 10 m/s
to 25 m/s in 5 seconds. Calculate the force acting on the
car.
Questions
• A 0.5 kg ball moving with a velocity of 10 m/s is brought to
rest in 2 seconds by an external force. Find the force
applied.
• A football of mass 0.4 kg moving with a velocity of 20 m/s
is suddenly hit by a player, changing its velocity to 30 m/s
in 0.1 seconds. Find the force exerted by the player.
• A truck of mass 5,000 kg is moving with a velocity of 36
km/h. If it comes to rest in 10 seconds due to friction, find
the force exerted by friction.
• A 10 kg object is accelerating at 3 m/s². What is the force
acting on it?
• A force of 50 N is applied to a 5 kg object. What is its
acceleration?
• A car of mass 1,500 kg accelerates at 2 m/s². What force
is needed?
• A 1,200 kg truck requires a force of 4,800 N to move.
What is its acceleration?
What do you think happens to our acceleration
w/ different masses?
With less mass, it doesn’t take as
much effort to get it moving; ½ kg
therefore, I can move it farther in
1kg
less time (faster).
Less Mass =
less force
Distance
needed 2kg
With more mass, it takes more
effort to get it moving; therefore, it
takes me more time to move it
farther (slower). More Mass =
more force
needed
Time
What do you think happens to our acceleration w/ different
masses if we pushed with the same amount of force?
Which one of these lines do you
think would represent a sports
car? SUV, Diesel Truck?
The Diesel truck would be the least steep line!
Less steep = less velocity!!!
Distance
Sports car would be the steepest line!
Steeper = more velocity!!!
The SUV would be the middle line!
Steepness of line is in the
middle = middle velocity
Time
Newton’s Third Law
(Action-Reaction)
If body A exerts a force on body B,
then body B will exerts an equal and
opposite force on Body A.
Newton’s Third Law of Motion
• Also known as: Action-Reaction
• “For every action there is an
equal and opposite reaction.”
Upwards
reaction
• Rockets take off because of a
force downwards from the Downwards
force
bottom makes them accelerate in
the opposite direction!
Example 1
Rocket Launch
• The rocket pushes hot gases downward with
a force (action).
• The gases push the rocket upward with an
equal and opposite force (reaction).
• The reaction force acts on the rocket,
causing it to accelerate upwards.
• The action force acts on the expelled gases,
pushing them downward.
Example 2
Walking
• You push the ground backward (action).
• The ground pushes you forward
(reaction).
• Since the reaction force acts on you, and
there’s no strong opposing force stopping
you, you move forward.
Example 3
Gun Recoil
• Bullet moves forward with high speed
(small mass, high acceleration).
• Gun recoils backward with lower speed
(larger mass, lower acceleration).
• Forces are equal, but their effects are
different due to different masses.
Vocabulary
Inertia: the tendency of an object to resist changes in
its state of motion
Acceleration:
•a change in velocity
•a measurement of how quickly an object is
changing speed, direction or both
Velocity: The rate of change of a position along
a straight line with respect to time
Force: Push or pull (strength or energy
