MICROPROCESSORS/
MICROCONTROLLERS
by
MR. THOMAS KWANTWI
University OF MINES & TECHNOLOGY
Course Outline
• The introduction and evolution of some Microprocessors and
Microcontrollers;
• Overview Intel 8080/8085 and Intel 8086/8088 hardware and
instruction sets;
• Assembly Language Programming
• Overview of the 8051 and AVR hardwares and instruction sets;
• .
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Objectives of Course
At the end of this course students are expected to:
• Differentiate between microprocessors and
microcontrollers with examples;
• Describe the architecture and organization of a particular
microprocessor /microcontroller and its instruction set;
• Write structured, well-commented, understandable
programs in assembly language that can run on specific
microprocessors / microcontrollers;
• Understand techniques for interfacing I/O devices to
microprocessor /microcontroller, including several
specific standard I/O devices.
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Recommended Text Books
• The 80x86 IBM PC and Compatible Computers (Volume I and
II): Assembly Language, Design and Interfacing by M. Mazidi
and J. Mazidi, Prentice Hall, 4th Edition, 2003.
• The 8088 and 8086 Microprocessors: Programming,
Interfacing, Software, Hardware and Applications by Walter
A. Triebel and Avtar Singh, Prentice Hall, 4th Edition, 2003.
• Assembly Language for Intel-Based Computers Kip by R.
Irvine, Prentice Hall, 4th Edition, 2003
• Introduction to Microprocessors and microcontrollers by
John Crisp, 2nd Edition, 2003
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Course Assessment
• Final Exams (60%);
• 2 Quizzes (15%);
• Exercises (10%);
• Course work (5%);
• Attendance (10%)
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• Overview of Microprocessor/
Microcontroller Systems and their
basic structure
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General Architecture of a Microcomputer
System
The hardware of a microcomputer
system can be divided into four
functional sections:
• the Input unit;
• Microprocessing Unit;
• Memory Unit; and
• Output Unit.
Microprocessor/ Microcontroller
A MPU/MCU - is at the center of
microcomputer:
• It performs all the computational tasks,
program execution, arithmetic
calculations and data processing etc.
• Executes a collection of machine
instructions that tell the processor what to
do.
Block Diagram of a Microcomputer
System
µM and µC Operations
Based on the instructions, a microprocessor or
microcontroller does four basic things:
1. Using its ALU, a microprocessor can perform
mathematical operations like addition, subtraction,
multiplication and division;
2. Moves data from one memory location to another;
3. Makes logical decisions and jump to a new set of
instructions based on those decisions;
4. Controls overall system operation. 10
Microprocessor/Microcontroller
Micro Controller • Micro Processor
• It is a single chip • It is a CPU
• Consists Memory, • Memory, I/O Ports to
I/o ports be connected
externally
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Micro Controller Micro Processor
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Typical Microprocessor
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Typical Microcontroller
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Major differences between µM and µC
Microprocessor Micro-controller
1. CPU on a microprocessor is a stand- 1. CPU, RAM, ROM, I/O and Timer are
all on a single chip.
alone, with RAM, ROM, I/O and
timer been separate.
1. Designer can decide on the amount of 2. Has fix amount of on chip ROM,
ROM, RAM and I/O ports RAM and I/O ports
2. Very expensive 3. Low cost, small packaging
3. A microprocessor has more 4. A microcontroller is more specific to
generalized functions its task.
4. A microprocessor may not also be 5. Micro-controllers can be programmed
programmed to handle real-time tasks and reprogrammed
5. Limited I/O capabilities 6. Lots of I/O capabilities
6. Used for general-purpose computers 7. Use for applications in which cost,
power and space are critical
6. High power consumption 7. Low power consumption
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Study of µM and µC
When studying the µM and µC , the
programmer must study the following:
• Microprocessor architecture;
• Instruction Set;
• Control Signals;
• Pin functions;
• Interfacing.
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Manufacturers of µM and µC
So many manufacturers of µM and µC , but only
two companies have been producing popular
µM and µC :
• Intel and Motorola.
Other manufacturers
• AMD
• Power PC
• Compaq
• Acron Computer Limited
Trends of Intel/Motorola Microprocessors
Trends of ARM Processor
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EXAMPLES OF OTHER MICROCONTROLLERS
• The Intel 8080, 8051, 8048, 80186,
80C186XL;
• AVR microcontrollers;
• PIC microcontrollers
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µM and µC Data Sheet
A typical data sheet of a µM and µC is a
literature containing information on:
• IC packaging, pin diagram, and the function of
each IC pin.
• The architecture of the CPU with diagram, along
with a description of the major features.
• Timing diagrams along with the processor’s
instruction set.
• Diagram of typical systems using the
microprocessor.
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