Immunity –
types and
classificatio
n
T R U K S H I KA G O N D A N E
[Link] NURSING
3RD SEMESTER
VSPM MDINE
overview
• Immune system plays the sole role in
providing the organisms, immunologically
referred to as providing the immunity
against any kinds o threat to the organism
• The organs, including the primary lymphoid
organs such as thymus and bone marrow
and the secondary lymphoid organs such as
the spleen, tonsils, lymph nodes and the
appendix
• The tissues, such as gut- associated
lymphoid tissue (GALT), mucosa – associated
lymphoid tissue (MALT) and the bronchus-
associated lymphoid tissue (BALT).
• The cells and the molecules including the
white blood cells ( WBC) , components,
interferon, etc.
n
Immunity is defined as the
resistance offered by
organism
to invading living or non-
living
\foreign entity, while
"Immunity is a condition
of being able to resist a maintaining
particular disease the requisite equilibrium
especially through between, the biological
preventing development of defence mechanisms against
a pathogenic
microorganism or by those foreign entities
counteracting the effects including the
of its products pathogenic/infectious living
-Merriam Webster organisms, the cancerous
cells within the host, the
• 1.
INNATE /
TYPES AND
NATIVE
CLASSIFICATI
IMMUNITY
ON
• [Link]
ED
IMMUNITY
EXTERNAL
NONSPECIF
IC
IMMUNITY
INTERNAL
INNATE
IMMUNITY
SPECIFIC
INTERNAL
IMMUNITY
NATURAL
IMMUNITY
ACTIVE
ACTIVE IMMUNITY
IMMUNITY ARTIFICIAL
ACTIVE
ACQUIRED IMMUNITY
IMMUNITY NATURAL
PASSIVE
PASSIVE IMMUNITY
IMMUNITY ARTIFICAL
PASSIVE
IMMUNITY
• Innate immunity is the
inborn immunity that is
already present at the time
of the birth .
• It is generic in origin and
also depends upon the
INNATE
constitutional makeup of
an individual
IMMUNI
• This type of immunity is
unaffected by the prior
exposure to any pathogen
TY
naturally
LEVELS OF INNATE IMMUNITY
SPECIES
INNATE
RACIAL IMMUNITY
LEVEL
INDIVIDUA IMMUNITY
L LEVEL
IMMUNITY
SPECIES INNATE IMMUNITY
Due to differences in anatomical,
physiological, and metabolic makeup, innate
immunity varies between GENETIC
species, while members of the same species
MIGRATORY
have HABITS
RACIAL
relatively LEVEL
similar IMMUNITY
nonspecific innate immunity.
Among the different races within a FOOD TABOOS
particular species, the immunity may
show certain differences and therefore is PHYSIOLOGIAL
known as the racial immunity, which is
usually due to the reasons described in RACIAL CUSTOMS
INDIVIDUAL
Figure. LEVEL
HYGIENE
IMMUNITY PRACTICES
Within any particular race, the
different individual exhibit
considerable variation in individual
Ag Hygiene
Factors e
affecting the Geneti
innate Nutrition
c
immunity Factor
CircadianPsycholog
s
Rhythm ical
factors
Nonspecific Innate immunity
This type of innate immunity
resists nonself intruders and
eradicates infections non-
specifically by targeting nonself-
antigens at both external and
internal levels of the host.
External Nonspecific
Innate Immunity
The external level nonspecific
immunity that is present by
birth in an individual includes
the two main components, i.e.,
physical and chemical
components.
External Nonspecific Innate
Immunity
PHYSICAL CHEMICAL
The periodic shedding of keratin Sweat helps regulate temperature
removes attached microbes. and removes [Link] contains
lysozyme, which breaks down
Tightly packed epidermal layers and bacterial cell walls.
dermis offer nonspecific defense.
Earwax's acidity prevents microbial
Dry outer skin prevents microbial growth and blocks infections.
growth.
Saliva contains lysozyme, urea, and
Mucous membranes in respiratory, uric acid, inhibiting microbial growth,
gastrointestinal, and genitourinary and IgA to prevent invasion..
tracts trap and remove microbes.
External Non Specific Innate
Immunity
PHYSICAL CHEMICAL
Tears wash away infections from Gastric juice is highly acidic, killing
the eyes. most bacteria and toxins.
Nasal hair filters inhaled air, Vaginal secretions flush out
while cilia move mucus to the microbes with antimicrobial mucus.
throat. Urine flushes the urinary tract and
The epiglottis blocks infections contains lysozyme to create an
from reaching the lower acidic, antimicrobial environment
respiratory tract
Physical
compone
nts
Internal Nonspecific
Innate
Immunity
Non specific innate immunity
3. Agranulocytes: monocytes:
PROTECTIVE CELL phagocytose microbes; transform into
macrophages or dendritic cells during
1. Leukocytes (White Blood Cells): infection. Lymphocytes: include T
Key in innate immunity; divided cells, B cells, and null (NK) cells.
into granulocytes (first line of 4. T cells: helper T cells stimulate B
defense) and agranulocytes cells. Killer T cells destroy abnormal
(monocytes, lymphocytes). cells. Suppressor T cells regulate
immune response.
2. Granulocytes: Formed in bone
marrow, move to inflamed tissues; 5. B cells: differentiate into plasma
cells (produce antibodies) and
include neutrophils, eosinophils,
memory cells (long-term immunity).
and basophils.
Protective
mechanism
1. Inflammation (Local Mechanism):
Definition: A nonspecific immune response to microbial
invasion or injury.
Process:
Leukocyte Migration: White blood cells (leukocytes)
migrate from blood vessels to the site of infection
through diapedesis.
Phagocytosis: Leukocytes engulf and digest microbes.
Cardinal Signs :Swelling , Erythema (redness)Pain,
Heat, Loss of function
2. Pyrexia (Systemic Mechanism):
Definition: Fever as a systemic response to infection.
Mechanism: Increases antibody production and T cell
proliferation at higher temperatures.
Pyrogens: Substances that induce fever (endogenous or
Protective Molecules:
Complement System: Role: Major heat-sensitive proteins produced
by the liver (C1-C9) that aid in innate immunity.
Functions:
Opsonization: C3b enhances phagocytosis by marking pathogens
for recognition.
Chemotaxis: Attracts immune cells (macrophages, neutrophils) to
the site of infection (C3a, C5a).
Cytolysis: Destroys pathogen cell walls via the membrane attack
complex (MAC).
Interferons (IFNs):Role: Cytokines that inhibit viral infections
without harming host cells.
Miscellaneous Proteins: C-Reactive Protein (CRP): Enhances
complement system activation
Iron-Binding Proteins: Limit free iron availability to pathogens,
preventing their growth.
Specific Internal
Innate Immunity
This type of immunity is also present
by birth in an individual but is
specific for a particular type of
antigen only. Therefore its
prevalence at any taxonomic level is
non-uniform in nature. This type of
immunity has its origin somewhere at
the genetic levels
• Adaptive immunity
develops with age and
exposure to the external
environment, making
Adaptive
individuals vulnerable to
various infections.
• When an infection
overcomes innate
immunity, adaptive Immunit
immunity is triggered.
• It responds in different
forms based on the y
infection type and retains
Example of When someone recovers
from smallpox, they
Adaptive develop long-lasting
Immunity immunity due to memory
cells that prevent
reinfection
Components of
Adaptive
Immunity
Adaptive immunity has
two main components:
• Humoral Immunity
• Cell-Mediated
Immunity.
Both work together to
defend the body against
pathogens.
[Link] Immunity 2. Cell-Mediated
• Antibodies
(Immunoglobulins): These
Immunity
T-lymphocytes (T cells): These
are proteins found in body
are immune cells that develop
fluids (like blood and
in the thymus from
extracellular fluids) that
hematopoietic stem cells in the
help neutralize or
bone marrow. They do not
eliminate antigens (foreign
produce antibodies but act
substances).
• Antigen and Plasma Cells: directly to eliminate infected or
abnormal cells.
Antibodies are produced by
Types of T Cells:
plasma cells, which are
Helper T cells: Activate other
differentiated B cells. B
immune cells like B cells and
cells are activated when
other T cells.
T-helper Cells Activation: Activation and
T-helper cells themselves Response: T cells
are activated when they recognize antigens and
detect antigens in the get activated into one of
body. Once activated, they the three types. They
stimulate B cells to release lymphokines like
produce antibodies interferons and
migration inhibiting
factors (MIF), which
signal other immune
cells to perform their
functions.
Types of Adaptive
Immunity:
• 1. Active Acquired
Immunity:
The immune system
is activated either
naturally (through
infection) or artificially
(via vaccines) to produce
an immune response,
providing protection
against future infections.
Characteri Second
stics Late ary
nt Respon
se
Perio Negati
More d ve
effectiv Long phase Immune
e lasti – logical
ng Respons
e
Types of Active Acquired
Immunity
NATURAL ARTIFICIAL
This type of immunity occurs Induced artificially by vaccines
when the immune system is (live or killed pathogens), this
naturally activated by a immunity stimulates the immune
microbial infection (clinical or system to generate protection
subclinical). The body develops against specific pathogens. It
immunity against the microbe, forms immunological memory,
kills the infection, and forms an preventing future infections by
immunological memory to fight the same pathogen and offering
subsequent infections. long-term protection.
Types of Adaptive
Immunity:
2. Passive acquired immunity
occurs when an individual's
immune system does not
generate immunity itself.
Instead, readymade antibodies
(immunity) are provided from
an external source, either
naturally or artificially.
This type of immunity plays a
passive role in protecting
against infection or disease.
Characteristi Less
cs effective
Short
lived No
Immune negati
eliminati ve
No
on Long phase
lastin
g
Types of Passive Acquired
Immunity
NATURAL ARTIFICIAL
This type of immunity acquired Artificial passive immunity involves
by a fetus from its mother during the administration of ready-made
the prenatal period. It provides antibodies into an individual,
ready-made antibodies, which last typically during emergencies, such
for a limited time, typically days or as disease outbreaks or when
weeks, protecting the newborn visiting high-risk areas. This
from infections until it can develop provides immediate protection. The
its own immune system. requisite antibodies can be
administered through three main
media:-
Herd immunity also
known
as community immunity
occurs when a high
percentage of the people
in community is immune
to a disease either
through vaccination of
prior illness, prevent the
spread of disease from
person to person. Even
individuals not
vaccinated (such as
newborns and the
immunocompromised)
are offered some
protection because the
disease has little
Nursing implication
[Link] and Strengthen First-Line Defenses:
•Assess: Skin, mucous membranes, normal flora, nutrition.
•Intervene: Promote hygiene, provide nutrition and hydration.
[Link] Nonspecific Defense (Innate Immunity):
•Assess: Inflammation, fever, infection signs (phagocytes).
•Intervene: Encourage rest, hydration, and support inflammation.
[Link] Specific Acquired Immune Responses:
•Assess: Antibody levels, vaccination status.
•Intervene: Administer vaccines, monitor immune response.
[Link] Risks for Immunocompromise:
•Assess: Chronic diseases, medications, infections.
•Intervene: Adjust medications, monitor for infection.
[Link] Nursing Care:
•Support: Nutrition, hygiene, infection prevention.
•Health Education: Immunization awareness and infection prevention.
[Link] Patient Care:
•Focus: Prevent infection, enhance nutrition, monitor for early infection signs.
Presented by
Trukshika
gondane
Sem 3
