PROGRAMMING

FUNDAMENTALS

UNIVERSITY OF MANAGEMENT AND

T E C H N O L O G Y, S I A L K O T C A M P U S

Lecturer : Fatima Khalil Butt

 WEEK # 1
Reference Books:

• Book#1:
Starting out with Python, 4th Edition, Tony Gaddis. 2017 [Chapter#1
(1.2,1.3,1.4), Chapter#2 (2.1(Pseudocode, Flowchart),2.2)]

• Book#2:
C How to Program with an introduction to C++, 8th Edition by Paul Deitel &
Harvey Deitel 2015. [Chapter#1 (1.4,1.9)]

• Book#3:
Problem Solving and Program Design in C++, 7th Edition by Jeri R. Hanly &
Elliot B. Koffman 2000. [Chapter#1 (1.2,1.3,1.4)]
LECTURE # 1
Introduction to Problem Solving:
 Programming is a process of Problem Solving.
 In a programming environment, the problem-solving
process requires the following three steps:
1. Analyze the problem, outline the problem and its
solution requirements, and design an algorithm to
solve the problem.
2. Implement the algorithm in a programming
language, such as C++, and verify that the
algorithm works.
3. Maintain the program by using and modifying it if
the problem domain changes.
How to Write a Program?
Algorithms:
Input
Algorithm: A step-by-step procedure for solving a problem in a
finite amount of time.
Features of an algorithm:
Finiteness: An algorithm terminates after a fixed number of steps. Set of instructions that need to be
followed to obtain expected output
Definiteness: Each step of the algorithm is precisely defined. for given input
Effectiveness: All the operations used in the algorithm can be
performed exactly in a fixed duration time.
Input: An algorithm has certain precise inputs before the
execution of the algorithm begins. Output
Output: An algorithm has one or more outputs
Pseudocode:
 Word “pseudo” means fake, so pseudocode is fake code.
 It is an informal language that has no syntax rules and is not meant
to be compiled or executed.
Rules to follow while writing pseudocode:
• Write in plain language that describes the logic of the program.
• Use meaningful names for variables and functions that convey
their purpose.
• Use indentation to show hierarchy and structure, like how code is
structured.
• Clearly indicate the end of structures and procedures
 Flowchart

 A flowchart is a diagram that graphically

depicts the steps that take place in a program.

 There are three types of symbols in the

flowchart: ovals, parallelograms, and a
rectangle. Each of these symbols represents a
step in the program.
 1. Make cup of tea.
2. C = A + B
3. Z = (A + B) – C
Practice: Algorithms,
• Condition : S = A+B. If S < C, then add C to S until S
Pseudocode, become greater than C
Flowchart 4. Z = (A+B) – (C+D)
• Condition : S=A+B T=C+D. If S < T, then add T to S until
S become greater than T
5. Check whether ‘n’ is even or odd number.
6. Check whether user is “Teacher” or “Student”
 Practice: Check whether given number "n" is even or odd. If n
is even, then print “even” else print “odd”.

Algorithm: START
Flowchart:
1. Start
2. Input the value of n
3. If n%2 = 0 then print Input ‘n’
(“even”).Go to Step 5.
4. print(“odd”)
5. Stop

Pseudocode:
If n%2 == 0?
NO YES
START
READ n Print
Print (“EVEN”)
IF (n%2 = 0 ) THEN
(“ODD”)
print(“even”)
ELSE
print(“odd”)
ENDIF
END END
LECTURE # 2
What is Computer System?
 Computers are programmable devices which receive,
store, process, and output information.

 Computers are digital electronic device which

understands only 0’s and 1’s.

 They can perform all type of arithmetic computations

(Addition, multiplication...) and non arithmetic
computations (copy, choose, move, compare….)
 Computer Systems:
Modern computers are categorized according to their size and performance.

Super Computer Mainframe computer Personal Computer (PC)

• Largest Capcity and Fastest • High performance • General-purpose computer

(in terms of speed of computer designed for individual use.
processing data) • Used for large-scale, • Used for personal work
• Used in Weather compute-intensive such as making an
Forecasting, Scientific purposes & tasks that assignment, watching a
Research Laboraraties, require greater availability movie etc.
Stock Market etc. and security like ATM & • For example, Laptops and
other Banking sectors etc. desktop computers.
Components of Computer System:
Computer Components fall into two major categories: Hardware and Software

Computer Hardware: Computer Software: Set of programs

Physical equipment used to perform the that enable us to solve problems with a
necessary computations computer by providing it with lists of
instructions to perform.
Computer Programs and Programming
Languages:
 Computer Program: Set of instructions that a
computer follows to perform a task. Set of programs are
commonly referred to as Software.

 Without Computer Programs, Computer is virtually

useless as it does not have any thinking or decision-taking
power of its own.

 Programming languages allow us to write computer

programs and thus to communicate with computers.
Computer Organization | Von Neumann
Architecture
 Most modern computers are based on a stored-program
concept introduced by John Von Neumann.

 In this stored-program* concept, programs

(instructions) and data are stored in the same memory.

 Computer built with this architecture would be much

easier to reprogram.
Computer Organization | Von Neumann
Architecture
Computer Hardware
All physical devices or components of which a computer is made are referred to as the
computer’s hardware.
Most computer system consists of the following major components:
o Main Memory:
• Main memory stores programs, data, and results. 1
• Main memory is commonly known as random-access memory,
or RAM. 2
• RAM is a volatile type of memory that is used only for temporary
storage while a program is running.

o Central Processing Unit (CPU):

• Also known as microprocessors.
Computer Hardware
• Part of the computer that follows the instructions (program) stored in main
memory.1
• Made up of the arithmetic/logic unit (ALU)2 and control unit (CU)3

o Secondary storage devices:

• Can hold data for long periods of time, even when there is no power to the
computer.
• Programs are normally stored in secondary memory and loaded into main
memory as needed.

o Input Devices: Devices that feed data and programs into computers e.g.,
keyboard, mouse, touchscreen, scanner, microphone and secondary storage
devices.

o Output Devices: Devices that computer uses to display results e.g.,

monitor, printer, and secondary storage devices.
 Computer Software
Set of programs that allow the hardware to operate are called Software.
 All software are written in programming languages.
 Two general categories of software:

• Programs that control & manage the basic operations of a computer

System Software • System Software includes these types of programs: Operating System
(OS)1, Utility Programs2, Software Development Tools3

• Assist a computer user in accomplishing specific tasks.

Application • Examples: Microsoft Word - word processing program, PowerPoint -
Software presentation program, game programs, database management system
etc.
LECTURE # 3
How Computer Store Data?
 All Instructions and data that are stored in a computer’s
memory are converted to sequences of 0s and 1s.

 Binary Code - Sequence of 0s and 1s is referred to as a

binary code or a binary numbers.

 Bytes - Computer’s memory is divided into tiny storage

locations known as bytes.

1 Byte = 8 bits
 Bits - Each byte is divided into eight smaller storage
locations known as bits. Could be 0 or 1.
Computer Languages : Machine
Language
Machine Language:
• Computer’s CPU can only understand and execute
programs(instructions) that are written in machine
language (sequence of 0s and 1s).

• Drawback of machine language is that it is not

standardized, and machine dependent.

• Only consistency among computers is that in any

modern computer, all data and instructions are stored
together in the computer’s memory using binary codes.
Computer Languages: Machine
Language
How Does Computer Run Program (Instructions)?

 When a computer(CPU) executes the

instructions in a program, it perform a
process known as the fetch-decode-execute
cycle.

 This cycle, which consists of three steps, is

repeated for each instruction in the program.
Computer Languages: Assembly
Language
Assembly Language:
• For programmers, programming in machine language was
tedious and time-consuming process as it was prone to
error and difficult to read and modify.

• For this reason, Assembly Languages were developed to

make the programmer’s job easier.

• Instead of using binary numbers for instructions, assembly

language uses short , easy-to-remember words that are
known as mnemonics.
 Computer Languages: Assembly
Language
How Does Computer Run Program (Instructions)?
• Computer (CPU) cannot execute assembly
language instructions directly.

• Instructions first must be translated into

machine language.

• Special program called an assembler

translates the assembly language
instructions into machine language.

• Machine language program that is created

by the assembler can then be executed by
the CPU.
Computer Languages: High-Level
Language
High Level Languages:
• Assembly language is primarily a direct substitute for
machine language, but like machine language, it
requires that programmer must know how the CPU
works.

• Also, in assembly language, programmers still had to

use numerous instructions to accomplish even the
simplest tasks.

• To speed the programming process, High-Level

Languages were developed in which single
statements could be written to accomplish basic tasks.
Computer Languages: High-Level
Language
High Level Languages:
• High-level language allows you to create complex programs without knowing how the CPU works.

• High-level languages are machine-independent and standardized programming languages that

combines algebraic expressions and English symbols.

• As the computer understands only machine language

instructions, programs that are written in a high-level
language must be translated into machine language.

• Depending on the language in which a program has been

written, the programmer will use either a compiler or an
interpreter to make the translation.
Computer Languages: High-
Level Language

Compiler:
• Compiler is a program that translates a high-
level language program into a separate
machine language program.

• Converts entire high-level language

programs to machine language at once

• Examples: C, C++ , Java, Rust, Swift

Computer Languages: High-
Level Language

Interpreter:
• Interpreter is a program that both
translates and executes the instructions
in a high-level language program.

• Because interpreters combine

translation and execution, they typically
do not create separate machine
language programs.

• Examples: Python, JavaScript, Ruby,

PHP
Computer Languages: High-Level
Language
How Does Computer Run a C++ Program?

• Step-1: Write C++ program in editor and save it

on secondary storage device.
• Step-2: Preprocessor* program executes
automatically before the compiler’s translation
phase begins.
• Step-3: Compiler** translates the C++ program
into machine-language code.
• Step-4: Resolve the references to functions
defined elsewhere, such as in the standard
libraries or in the private libraries. ***
Computer Languages: High-Level
Language
How Does Computer Run a C++ Program?

• Step-5: Before a program can be executed, the

program must first be placed in memory.
• Step-6: CPU executes the program one
instruction at a time