CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
These slides are made available to faculty in PowerPoint form.
Slides can be freely added, modified, and deleted to suit student
needs. They represent substantial work on the part of the authors; Wireless Communication
therefore, we request the following.
Networks and Systems
If these slides are used in a class setting or posted on an internal or
1st edition
external www site, please mention the source textbook and note
our copyright of this material. Cory Beard, William Stallings
All material copyright 2016 © 2016 Pearson Higher
Cory Beard and William Stallings, All Rights Reserved Education, Inc.
Introduction 1-1
WIRELESS COMES OF AGE
• Guglielmo Marconi invented the wireless telegraph in
1896
– Communication by encoding alphanumeric characters
in analog signal
– Sent telegraphic signals across the Atlantic Ocean
• Communications satellites launched in 1960s
• Advances in wireless technology
– Radio, television, mobile telephone, mobile data,
communication satellites
• More recently
– Wireless networking, cellular technology, mobile apps,
Internet of Things, Internet of Everything
Introduction 1-2
Wireless Technologies by Range
Category Full Name Range Example Primary Use Case
Technologies
Wearables, IoT
WPAN Wireless Personal ~10 meters Bluetooth, devices, personal
Area Network ZigBee, NFC gadgets
Home, office,
WLAN Wireless Local ~30–100 Wi-Fi (802.11 campus internet
Area Network meters b/g/n/ac/ax) access
Cellular mobile
WWAN Wireless Wide Several GSM, CDMA, LTE, communication,
Area Network kilometers 5G rural coverage
• Transmission Power: WPANs use low power; WWANs need high power to cover large distances.
• Infrastructure: WPANs often work device-to-device; WLANs use access points; WWANs use cell towers and
base stations.
• Mobility Support: WWANs are designed for full mobility (e.g., driving across cities); WLANs support limited
roaming; WPANs usually remain stationary or follow a user.
CELLULAR TELEPHONE
• Started as a replacement to the wired telephone
• Early generations offered voice and limited data
• Current third and fourth generation systems
– Voice
– Texting
– Social networking
– Mobile apps
– Mobile Web
– Mobile commerce
– Video streaming
Introduction 1-4
WIRELESS IMPACT
• Profound
• Shrinks the world
• Always on
• Always connected
• Changes the way people communicate
– Social networking
• Converged global wireless network
Introduction 1-5
FIGURE 1.1 SOME MILESTONES IN WIRELESS COMMUNICATIONS
Introduction 1-6
GLOBAL CELLULAR NETWORK
• Growth
– 11 million users in 1990
– Over 5 billion today
• Mobile devices
– Convenient
– Location aware
– Only economical form of communications in some
places
Introduction 1-7
GLOBAL CELLULAR NETWORK
• Generations
– 1G – Analog
– 2G – Digital voice
• Voice services with some moderate rate data services
– 3G – Packet networks
• Universal Mobile Phone Service (UMTS)
• CDMA2000
– 4G – New wireless approach (OFDM)
• 100 Mbps for high mobility users
• 1 Gbps for low mobility access
• Long Term Evolution (LTE) and LTE-Advanced
– 5G
• Higher spectral efficiency
• Multi-gig Internet access
• Enhanced Mobile Broadband (eMBB), Ultra Reliable Low Latency
Communications (URLLC), and Massive Machine Type Communications
(mMTC)
Introduction 1-8
MOBILE DEVICE REVOLUTION
• Better use of spectrum
• Decreased costs
• Limited displays and input capabilities
• Tablets provide balance between smartphones and PCs
• Long distance
– Cellular 3G and 4G
– LPWAN: LoRaWAN, SigFox, NB-IoT
• Local areas
– Wi-Fi
• Short distance
– Bluetooth, ZigBee
Introduction 1-9
FUTURE TRENDS
• 5G and gigabit Wi-Fi now being deployed
• Machine-to-machine communications
– The “Internet of Things” (or “Internet for Things”?)
– Devices interact with each other
• Healthcare, disaster recovery, energy savings, security and surveillance,
environmental awareness, education, manufacturing, and many others
– Information dissemination
• Data mining and decision support
– Automated adaptation and control
• Home sensors collaborate with home appliances, HVAC systems, lighting
systems, electric vehicle charging stations, and utility companies.
• Traffic accident prevention (autonomous cars…)
– Eventually could interact in their own forms of social networking
Introduction 1-10
THE TROUBLE WITH WIRELESS
• Wireless is convenient and less expensive, but not
perfect
• Limitations and political and technical difficulties
inhibit wireless technologies
• Wireless channel
– Line-of-sight is best but not required
– Signals can still be received
• Transmission through objects
• Reflections off of objects
• Scattering of signals
• Diffraction around edges of objects
Introduction 1-11
THE TROUBLE WITH WIRELESS
• Wireless channel
– Reflections can cause multiple copies of the signal to
arrive
• At different times and attenuations
• Creates the problem of multipath fading
• Signals add together to degrade the final signal
– Noise
– Interference from other users
– Doppler spread caused by movement
Introduction 1-12
COMBATING PROBLEMS
• Modulation – use a signal format to send as many bits as possible
• Error control coding – add extra bits so errors are
detected/corrected.
• Adaptive modulation and coding – dynamically adjust
modulation and coding to current channel conditions.
• Equalization – counteract the multipath effects of the channel.
• Multiple-input multiple-output systems – use multiple antennas
– Point signals strongly in certain directions
– Send parallel streams of data.
• Direct sequence spread spectrum – expand the signal bandwidth
• Orthogonal frequency division multiplexing – break a signal
into many lower rate bit streams
– Each is less susceptible to multipath problems.
Introduction 1-13
POLITICAL DIFFICULTIES
• Between companies
– Need common standards so products interoperate
– Some areas have well agreed-upon standards
• Wi-Fi, 4G, 5G
• Not true for Internet of Things technologies
• Spectrum regulations
– Governments dictate how spectrum is used
• Many different types of uses and users
– Some frequencies have somewhat restrictive
bandwidths and power levels
• Others have much more bandwidth available
Introduction 1-14
PROTOCOL REFERENCE MODEL
Application Application
Transport Transport
Network Network Network Network
Data Link Data Link Data Link Data Link
Physical Physical Physical Physical
Radio Medium
PROTOCOL LAYER MODEL
Application layer service location
new/adaptive applications
multimedia
Transport layer congestion/flow control
quality of service
Network layer addressing, routing
device location
hand-over
Data link layer authentication
media access/control
multiplexing
encryption
Physical layer modulation
interference
attenuation
frequency
PROTOCOL NOMENCLATURE
Protocol A - PDU
Protocol A Protocol A
Protocol A - PDU (= Protocol B - SDU ) Protocol A - PDU
Protocol B Protocol B
Protocol B - PDU
=
Protocol B - PCI + Protocol B - SDU
PDU = Protocol Data Unit SDU = Service Data Unit PCI = Protocol Control Information
ICI = Interface Control Information IDU = Interface Data Unit
Key Takeaways:
• Technologies are categorized by range: WPAN, WLAN, WWAN.
• Wireless is essential for mobility, accessibility, and ubiquity in modern
life.
• Cellular technology transformed from 1G analog voice to 5G ultra-fast
data.
• Future trends include IoT, machine-to-machine communication, and
autonomous systems.
