CHAPTER 5
DESIGN OF REINFORCED CONCRETE
BEAM
At the end of this topic, student should be able to:
1. Define various types of beam.(PLO1,C2,K)
2. Identify singly and doubly reinforced beam using
given expression.(PLO1, C3, K)
3. Design the steel reinforcement for singly and doubly
reinforced beam.(PLO1, C3, K)
4. Check the durability requirements.(PLO1, C4, K)
Types of Reinforced Concrete Beam
Beams in RC structures can be defined according to:
1) Cross-section
2) Position of reinforcement
3) Support condition
When a beam is reinforced with tension steel only, it referred
as singly reinforced. When a beam is reinforced with tension
and compression steel, this is referred as doubly reinforced.
Doubly reinforced beams are used in preference to singly
reinforced beams when there is restriction on the
construction depth of the section since inclusion of
compression steel will increase the moment capacity of the
beam resulting in more slender section.
Beam cross section
The position of T and L beam in an in-situ construction/monolithic
Concrete beams are often constructed monolithic with floor slabs, and it may be
possible for some of the floor slab to be considered as part of the beam. This
has the advantage of increasing the breadth b of the beam, and hence the lever
arm z, at little or no additional cost, and this may reduce the amount of
reinforcement required. The resulting L and T beams
A beam can be simply supported or continuous based on the number of support
and types of connection. A simply supported beam do not occur as frequently as
continuous beams in in-situ concrete construction, but are an important element in
pre-cast concrete construction.
A simply supported beam usually is mounted on two supports such as wall or
column. There is no continuity between the beam and the support and the beam is
free to rotate at the supports without any restraint.
Continuous beam on the other hand is mounted on more than two supports.
Simply supported pre cast beam Continuous beam under construction
Definition of Depth (d)
The effective depth is the distance from the compression face of the beam to the
centroid of steel reinforcement
Effective depth
Determining depth
Design Flowchart
• design procedure for rectangular beams with concrete classes up to C50/60 and
grade 500 reinforcement. It is often recommended in the UK that K’ is limited to
0.167 to ensure ductile failure.
Flow chart to determine singly or
doubly reinforced beam
If the beam is singly reinforced the flow chart at below can be used to determine
the reinforcement and all the necessary checks.
Flow chart for singly reinforced beam
If the beam is doubly reinforced the flow chart at below can be used to
determine the reinforcement and all the necessary checks.
Flowchart to design doubly reinforced
beam
Example 1
A simply supported rectangular beam of size 225 mm X 450 mm and 6
m span as shown in the figure carries a characteristic dead (g k) load
(including self-weight of beam), and imposed loads (q k) loads of 8
kN/m and 6 kN/m respectively.
The beam dimensions are breadth b, 225mm and effective depth d,
425mm. Assuming the beam is made of C30/37 concrete and f yk=500
N/mm2, calculate the area of reinforcement required and all necessary
checks.
IMPORTANT POINTS
• Rectangular beam of size 225 mm X 450 mm
• The beam dimensions are breadth b, 225mm and
effective depth d, 425mm.
• C30/37 concrete
• fyk=500 N/mm2.
Note that d is given. In case that h is given, d must be
estimated
IMPORTANT POINTS
• Simply supported
• Span 6 m
• Characteristic dead (gk) load (including self-weight of
beam) = 8 kN/m
• Characteristic imposed loads (qk) loads of 6 kN/m
REQUIRED
1. Calculate the area of reinforcement required
2. Perform all necessary checks (spacing of bar, percent of
reinforcement etc)
Solution: SAFETY FACTORS
Design action = (1.35 X 8) + (1.5 X 6) = 19.8 kN/m
Maximum design moment at mid span = wl2/8
Max Design Moment = 19.8 X 62/8 = 89.1 kNm
= 89.1 X 106/ (225 X 4252X 30) = 0.07 < 0.167
Therefore singly reinforced IF K > 0.167 PROCEED TO DOUBLY
REINFORCED STEP
Find z,
= 425/2[1 + √(1 – (3.53 X 0.07)] = 397 mm <0.95(425) = 403 OK
Tension steel require:
= 89.1 X 106/ (0.87 X 500 X 397) = 516 mm2
Use the Table 1.9 to find suitable size and number of bars.
Find 516 mm2 OR NEAREST BUT LARGER
From the table, this a choice is made:
565 mm2 5 Nr. 12 mm diameter.
603 mm2 3 Nr. 16 mm diameter.
628 mm2 2 Nr. 20 mm diameter.
Or any combination of bars resulting in a reinforcement provision
greater than the area of steel required.
Say Provide 2H20 (As prov. = 628 mm2)
Minimum reinforcement
From Table 3.6, for concrete C30, minimum % of reinforcements
= 0.15 X bh = 0.15 X 225 X 450/100 = 151 mm2
628 mm2>151 mm2 OK
Maximum reinforcement provided
From Table 3.9,
percentage of reinforcement = 628 X 100/225 X 450 = 0.62% < 4%
0.62%< 4% OK
Check bar spacing =
225
– 25(cover)
– 25(cover)
– 10(link)
– 10(link)
– 20(diameter bar)
– 20 (diameter bar)
= 115 mm > 25 mm
OK
Minimum spacing between bars
From Table 3.10, the biggest of either:
(1) Max. bar size = 20 mm
(2) 20 mm
(3) Max. aggregate size + 5 = 20(assume) + 5 = 25 mm
Use 25 mm as minimum spacing.
Check bar spacing = 225 – 25(cover) – 25(cover) – 10(link) – 10(link)-
20(diameter bar) – 20 (diameter bar) = 115 mm > 25 mm OK
Maximum spacing between bars
Referring to Table 3.7,
Steel stress: 435(48 + 0.8 X 36)/(1.35 X 48+1.5 X 36) = 281 N/mm2
From Table 3.7: Max spacing = 150 mm < 115 mm OK
• What WOULD BE THE SPACING IF
• 5H12 IS USED ? As prov =565 mm2
CAN IT PASS ALL REQUIREMENTS /
Minimum reinforcement ?
Maximum reinforcement provided ?
Minimum spacing between bars ?
Maximum spacing between bars ?
TRY TO WORK IT OUT
Check bar spacing = 225
– 25(cover)
– 25(cover)
– 10(link)
– 10(link)
– 12(diameter bar)
– 12 (diameter bar)
– 12(diameter bar)
– 12 (diameter bar)
– 12 (diameter bar)
= xx mm
Example 2
A simply supported rectangular beam of 9m span as shown carries a
characteristic dead (gk) load (inc. selfweight of beam), and imposed
loads (qk) of 6 kN/m and 8 kN/m respectively. The beam dimensions
are breadth b, 225 mm and beam height h, 400 mm. Assuming f ck
=30N/mm2 and fyk =500N/mm2, calculate the area of reinforcement
required. (Assume cover = 25 mm, bar size=20 mm and link size is 10
mm)
A simply supported rectangular beam of:
9m span
carries a:
Characteristic dead (gk) load (inc. selfweight of beam) = of 6 kN/m
Characteristic imposed loads (qk) = 8 kN/m
Example 2
The beam dimensions are
Breadth b, 225 mm
Height h, 400 mm.
Assuming fck =30N/mm2 and fyk =500N/mm2
Assume cover = 25 mm, bar size=20 mm and link size is 10 mm)
Calculate the area of reinforcement required.
Solution:
Design action = 1.35 X 6 + 1.5 X 8 = 20.1 kN/m
Maximum design moment at mid span = wl2/8 = 20.1 X 92/8
= 203.5 kNm
Assume bar size = 20 mm
d = 400 – cover – link diameter – bar size/2.
d = 400 – 25 – 10 -10 = 355 mm
d = 355 mm
K = 203.5 X 106/ (225 X 3552X 30) = 0.239 > 0.167
Therefore doubly reinforced
Calculate lever arm z using:
d2
z = 355/2[1 + √(1 – 3.53(0.167)] = 291 mm
Since the beam is doubly reinforced,
therefore calculate d2 (depth from the top
surface to the centroid of compression
steel)
d2 = cover + link diameter + bar size/2= 25
+ 10 + 20/2 = 45 mm
d2 = 45 mm
Calculate the excess moment using:
M’ = 225 X 3552 X 30 (0.239 – 0.167) X 10-6= 61.2 kNm
Calculate the compression steel area using:
As2 = 61.2 X 106/ (0.87 X 500 X (355 – 45) = 454 mm2
Calculate the tension steel area required using:
As = 0.167 X 30 X 225 x 3552/ (0.87 X 500 X 291) + 454 = 1576 mm2
Using Table 1.9(a):
From table the suitable steel area:
As2 = 603 mm2 (3 H16)
REQUIRED 454 mm2
As = 1257 mm2 (4 H20) + 402 mm2 (2 H16) = 1657 mm2
REQUIRED 1576 mm2
3H16 3H16 3H16
2H16 2H16 2H16
4H20 4H20 4H20
CHECK FOR FOLLOWING REQUIREMENTS
Minimum reinforcement ?
Maximum reinforcement provided ?
Minimum spacing between bars ?
Maximum spacing between bars ?
TRY TO WORK IT OUT
Exercise 1 (a)
A simply supported reinforced concrete beam of:
w
Size 300 X 700 mm
Span 7m
Carries a characteristic variable action of 27.5 kN/m.
Concrete weight = 25 kN/m3
fck = 40 N/mm2, fyk= 500 N/mm2.
Given: Cover = 25 mm
Calculate the reinforcement require for the beam.
calculate the are required only, no need to check
Exercise 1 (b)
A simply supported reinforced concrete beam of:
Size 300 X 700 mm
P
Span 7m
Carries a characteristic variable concentrated load of 96.3 kN.
Concrete weight = 25 kN/m3
fck = 40 N/mm2, fyk= 500 N/mm2.
Given: Cover = 25 mm
Calculate the reinforcement require for the beam.
calculate the are required only, no need to check
Exercise 2
A simply supported beam of:
Size 250 X500 mm
Span 10 m
Carries permanent action (excluding self-weight) of 10 kN/m
Characteristic variable action of 15 kN/m.
Concrete weight = 25 kN/m3
Given:Cover = 25 mm,, fck = 40 N/mm2, fyk= 500 N/mm2
Calculate the reinforcement required for the beam, no need to check
ASSIGNMENT UNIT 5.1
To be submitted onto GLS
A simply supported reinforced concrete beam 650 mm deep and 300 mm wide has
an effective span of 8.0 m. In addition to its own self-weight, the beam carries the
following loads:
Dead load = 22 kN/m ,Imposed load = 17 kN/m
The beam is in grade C35/45 concrete and will be inside a building where a fire resistance of 1 hour is
required.
The main reinforcing bars are size H32 and the links are size H12 .
1 Determine the minimum cover requirement.
2 Determine the reinforcement required in the beam and check for
i) Minimum steel requirement
ii) Maximum steel requirement
iii) Minimum spacing for reinforcement
iii) Maximum spacing for reinforcement
Thank You
