The Language of Medicine

13th edition
Davi-Ellen Chabner

1
 Chapter 17
Sense Organs:
The Eye and Ear

2
 Chapter Goals (Slide 1 of 2)
• Identify locations and functions of the major
parts of the eye and ear.
• Name the combining forms, prefixes, and
suffixes most commonly used to describe
these organs and their parts.
• Describe the abnormal conditions that may
affect the eye and ear.

3
 Chapter Goals (Slide 2 of 2)
• Identify clinical procedures that pertain to
ophthalmology and otology.
• Apply your new knowledge to
understanding medical terms in their proper
contexts, such as medical reports and
records.

4
Chapter 17
Lesson 17.1

5
Introduction

6
The Eye (Slide 1 of 3)

7
The Eye (Slide 2 of 3)

8
 The Eye (Slide 3 of 3)
• Pupil • Anterior chamber
• Conjunctiva • Aqueous humor
• Cornea • Vitreous chamber
• Sclera
• Vitreous humor
• Retina
• Choroid
• Optic nerve
• Iris
• Optic disc
• Ciliary body • Macula
• Lens • Fovea centralis
• Fundus
9
Visual Pathways from Retina to
Cortex

10
 QUICK QUIZ (Slide 1 of 3)
1. What is the soft, jellylike material behind
the lens in the vitreous chamber that helps
maintain the shape of the eyeball?
A. Sclera
B. Vitreous humor
C. Aqueous humor
D. Fovea centralis

11
Vocabulary – The Eye (Slide 1 of 16)

Term
accommodation
anterior chamber
aqueous humor

12
 Vocabulary – The Eye (Slide 2 of 16)
Term Meaning/Definition
accommodation Normal adjustment of the eye to focus on
objects from far to near
anterior chamber The area behind the cornea and in front of
the lens and iris
aqueous humor Fluid produced by the ciliary body and
found in anterior chamber

13
Vocabulary – The Eye (Slide 3 of 16)

Term
biconvex
choroid
ciliary body

14
 Vocabulary – The Eye (Slide 4 of 16)
Term Meaning/Definition
biconvex Consisting of two surfaces that are
rounded, elevated, and curved evenly; lens
of the eye is biconvex
choroid Middle, vascular layer of the eye, between
the retina and the sclera
ciliary body Structure surrounding the lens that
connects the choroid and iris; controls
shape of lens and secretes aqueous humor

15
Vocabulary – The Eye (Slide 5 of 16)

Term
cone
conjunctiva
cornea

16
 Vocabulary – The Eye (Slide 6 of 16)
Term Meaning/Definition
cone Photoreceptor cell in the retina that
transforms light energy into a nerve
impulse; responsible for color and central
vision
conjunctiva Delicate membrane that lines the
undersurface of eyelids and covers anterior
eyeball
cornea Fibrous transparent layer of clear tissue
that extends over the anterior portion of
eyeball

17
Vocabulary – The Eye (Slide 7 of 16)

Term
fovea centralis
fundus of the eye
iris

18
 Vocabulary – The Eye (Slide 8 of 16)
Term Meaning/Definition
fovea centralis Tiny depression in the retina that is the
region of clearest vision
fundus of the eye Posterior, inner part of the eye
iris Pigmented layer that opens and closes to
allow more or less light into the eye

19
Vocabulary – The Eye (Slide 9 of 16)

Term
lens
macula
optic chiasm

20
Vocabulary – The Eye (Slide 10 of 16)
Term Meaning/Definition
lens Transparent, biconvex body behind the
pupil of the eye
macula Yellowish region on the retina lateral to
and slightly below the optic disc
optic chiasm The point at which optic nerve fibers cross
in the brain

21
Vocabulary – The Eye (Slide 11 of 16)

Term
optic disc
optic nerve
pupil

22
Vocabulary – The Eye (Slide 12 of 16)
Term Meaning/Definition
optic disc The region at the back of the eye where
the optic nerve meets the retina; blind spot
optic nerve Cranial nerve carrying impulses from the
retina to the brain
pupil Central opening of the eye, surrounded by
the iris, through which light rays pass

23
Vocabulary – The Eye (Slide 13 of 16)

Term
refraction
retina
rod

24
Vocabulary – The Eye (Slide 14 of 16)
Term Meaning/Definition
refraction Bending of light rays by the cornea, lens,
and fluids of the eye to bring the rays into
focus on the retina
retina Light-sensitive nerve cell layer of the eye
containing photoreceptor cells
rod Photoreceptor cell of retina essential for
vision in dim light and for peripheral vision

25
Vocabulary – The Eye (Slide 15 of 16)

Term
sclera
thalamus
vitreous humor

26
Vocabulary – The Eye (Slide 16 of 16)
Term Meaning/Definition
sclera Tough, white outer coat of the eyeball
thalamus Relay center of the brain
vitreous humor Soft, jelly-like material behind the lens in
the vitreous chamber

27
 Terminology – Structures and Fluids
(Slide 1 of 4)
Combining Form Meaning
aque/o water
blephar/o eyelid
conjunctiv/o conjunctiva
cor/o pupil
corne/o cornea
cycl/o ciliary body

28
 Terminology – Structures and Fluids
(Slide 2 of 4)
Combining Form Meaning
dacry/o tears, tear duct
ir/o iris
irid/o iris
kerat/o cornea
lacrim/o tears
ocul/o eye

29
 Terminology – Structures and Fluids
(Slide 3 of 4)
Combining Form Meaning
ophthalm/o eye
opt/o eye, vision
optic/o eye, vision
palpebr/o eyelid
papill/o optic disc
phac/o lens of the eye

30
 Terminology – Structures and Fluids
(Slide 4 of 4)
Combining Form Meaning
phak/o lens of the eye
pupill/o pupil
retin/o retina
scler/o sclera (white of the eye)
uve/o uvea
vitre/o glassy

31
Terminology – Conditions (Slide 1 of 2)
Combining Form Meaning
ambly/o dull, dim
dipl/o double
glauc/o gray
mi/o smaller, less
mydr/o widen, enlarge
nyct/o night

32
Terminology – Conditions (Slide 2 of 2)
Combining Form Meaning
phot/o light
presby/o old age
scot/o darkness
xer/o dry

33
 Terminology – Suffixes--Conditions
Suffix Meaning
-opia vision
-opsia vision
-tropia to turn

34
 QUICK QUIZ (Slide 2 of 3)
2. Which term means inflammation of
the eyelid?

A. Ophthalmoplegia
B. Keratitis
C. Blepharitis
D. Blepharoptosis

35
 Errors of Refraction (Slide 1 of 2)
• Astigmatism: defective curvature of the
cornea or lens of the eye
• Hyperopia: farsightedness
• Myopia: nearsightedness
• Presbyopia: impairment of vision due to old
age reducing lens accommodation

36
Errors of Refraction (Slide 2 of 2)

37
Abnormal Conditions (Slide 1 of 6)
Cataract: Clouding of the Lens

38
Abnormal Conditions (Slide 2 of 6)
Chalazion: a small, hard, cystic mass on the eyelid;
formed as a result of chronic inflammation of
sebaceous gland along margin of eyelid

39
Abnormal Conditions (Slide 3 of 6)
• Diabetic retinopathy: retinal effects
caused by diabetes mellitus include:
Microaneurysms
Hemorrhages
Dilation of retinal veins
Neovascularization

40
 Abnormal Conditions
(Slide 4 of 6)
Glaucoma: increased intraocular pressure
damages the retina and optic nerve

41
Abnormal Conditions (Slide 5 of 6)
• Hordeolum (stye): staph infection of a
sebaceous gland in the eyelid
• Macular degeneration: progressive damage to
the macular of the retina
• Nystagmus: repetitive rhythmic movements
of one or both eyes
• Strabismus: abnormal deviation of the eye

42
Abnormal Conditions (Slide 6 of 6)
• Retinal detachment: two layers of the retina
separate from each other
Photopsia: bright flashes of light
Floaters: vitreous clumps of retina
Scleral buckle: a belt used to buckle the retina to
the sclera
Pneumatic retinopexy: a gas bubble is injected in
vitreous cavity to help reattach the retina

43
Chapter 17
Lesson 17.2

44
Diagnostic Procedures (Slide 1 of 3)
• Fluorescein angiography: dye injection to
examine blood flow in the retina
• Ophthalmoscopy: visual examination of the
interior of the eye through dilated pupil
• Slit lamp microscopy: magnified view of
expanded number of eye structures

45
Diagnostic Procedures (Slide 2 of 3)
Visual acuity test: assesses clarity of vision

46
Diagnostic Procedures (Slide 3 of 3)
Visual field test: measures visual fields
when eyes are fixed forward

47
 Treatment (Slide 1 of 4)
• Enucleation: removal of the entire eyeball
• Laser photocoagulation: an argon laser
creates an inflammatory reaction that seals
retinal tears and leaky blood vessels
• LASIK: laser to correct errors of refraction by
sculpting the cornea

48
 Treatment (Slide 2 of 4)

Keratoplasty: surgical
repair of the cornea

49
 Treatment (Slide 3 of 4)

Scleral buckle: suture

50
 Treatment (Slide 4 of 4)
• Phacoemulsification: ultrasound to break up
lens for aspiration for cataract removal
• Vitrectomy: removal of vitreous and
replacement with a clear solution

51
Abbreviations – The Eye (Slide 1 of 2)
Abbreviation Meaning
ALT Argon laser trabeculoplasty
AMD Age-related macular degeneration
HEENT Head, eyes, ears, nose, and throat
IOL Intraocular lens
IOP Intraocular pressure
LASER light amplification by stimulated emission of radiation
LASIK Laser in situ keratomileusis
OD Right eye; doctor or optometry
OS Left eye
OU Both eyes

52
Abbreviations – The Eye (Slide 2 of 2)
Abbreviation Meaning
PERRLA Pupils equal, round, reactive to light and
accommodation
POAG Primary, open-angle glaucoma
PRK Photorefractive keratectomy
SLT Selective laser trabeculoplasty
VA Visual acuity
VF Visual field

53
Chapter 17
Lesson 17.3

54
 The Ear
ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY
The outer ear receives sound waves.
Sound waves travel to the middle ear.
Sound vibrations reach the inner ear
(labyrinth).

55
Anatomy of the Ear (Slide 1 of 2)
• Pinna (auricle) • Stapes
• External auditory • Oval window
meatus (auditory • Eustachian tube
canal) • Cochlea
• Tympanic membrane • Auditory nerve fibers
(eardrum)
• Vestibule
• Malleus
• Semicircular canals
• Incus

56
Anatomy of the Ear (Slide 2 of 2)

57
 Ear Anatomy and Physiology
(Slide 1 of 4)
• Outer ear
Pinna or auricle: projecting flap
External auditory meatus (auditory canal)

58
 Ear Anatomy and Physiology
(Slide 2 of 4)
• Middle ear
Tympanic membrane (eardrum)
Malleus
Incus
Stapes
Oval window
Eustachian tube

59
 Ear Anatomy and Physiology
(Slide 3 of 4)
• Inner ear: labyrinth
Cochlea
Auditory nerve fibers

60
 Ear Anatomy and Physiology
(Slide 4 of 4)
• Balance and equilibrium
Vestibule
Semicircular canals

61
Vocabulary – The Ear (Slide 1 of 14)

Term
auditory canal
auditory meatus
auditory nerve
fibers

62
 Vocabulary – The Ear (Slide 2 of 14)
Term Meaning/Definition
auditory canal Channel that leads from the pinna to the
eardrum
auditory meatus Auditory canal
auditory nerve Carry impulses from the inner ear to the
fibers brain

63
Vocabulary – The Ear (Slide 3 of 14)

Term
auditory tube
auricle
cerumen

64
 Vocabulary – The Ear (Slide 4 of 14)
Term Meaning/Definition
auditory tube Channel between the middle ear and
nasopharynx; eustachian tube
auricle Flap of the ear; protruding part of external
ear, or pinna
cerumen Waxy substance secreted by the external ear;
also called earwax

65
Vocabulary – The Ear (Slide 5 of 14)

Term
cochlea
endolymph
eustachian tube

66
 Vocabulary – The Ear (Slide 6 of 14)
Term Meaning/Definition
cochlea Snail-shaped, spirally wound tube in the
inner ear
endolymph Fluid within the labyrinth of the inner ear
eustachian tube Auditory tube

67
Vocabulary – The Ear (Slide 7 of 14)

Term
incus
labyrinth
malleus

68
 Vocabulary – The Ear (Slide 8 of 14)
Term Meaning/Definition
incus Second ossicle of the middle ear
labyrinth Maze-like series of canals of the inner ear
malleus First ossicle of the middle ear

69
Vocabulary – The Ear (Slide 9 of 14)

Term
organ of Corti
ossicle
oval window

70
Vocabulary – The Ear (Slide 10 of 14)
Term Meaning/Definition
organ of Corti Sensitive auditory receptor area found in the
cochlea of the inner ear
ossicle Small bone of the ear
oval window Membrane between the middle ear and the
inner ear

71
Vocabulary – The Ear (Slide 11 of 14)

Term
perilymph
pinna
semicircular canals

72
Vocabulary – The Ear (Slide 12 of 14)
Term Meaning/Definition
perilymph Fluid contained in the labyrinth of the inner
ear
pinna Auricle; flap of the ear
semicircular Passages in the inner ear associated with
canals maintaining equilibrium

73
Vocabulary – The Ear (Slide 13 of 14)

Term
stapes
tympanic membrane
vestibule

74
Vocabulary – The Ear (Slide 14 of 14)
Term Meaning/Definition
stapes Third ossicle of the middle ear
tympanic Membrane between the outer and the
membrane middle ear; eardrum
vestibule Central cavity of the labyrinth, connecting
the semicircular canals and the cochlea

75
 QUICK QUIZ (Slide 3 of 3)
3. What is the snail-shaped, spirally wound
tube in the inner ear that contains hearing-
sensitive receptor cells?

A. Pinna
B. Auricle
C. Ossicle
D. Cochlea

76
 Combining Forms Ear Terminology
(Slide 1 of 2)
Combining Form Meaning
acous/o hearing
audi/o hearing
audit/o hearing
aur/o ear
auricul/o ear
cochle/o cochlea
mastoid/o mastoid process

77
 Combining Forms Ear – Terminology
(Slide 2 of 2)
Combining Form Meaning
myring/o eardrum, tympanic membrane
ossicul/o ossicle
ot/o ear
salping/o Eustachian tube
staped/o stapes
tyman/o eardrum, tympanic membrane
vestibul/o vestibule

78
Terminology Ear- Suffixes (Slide 1 of 1)
Suffix Meaning
-acusis or-cusis hearing
-meter instrument for measure
-otia ear condition

79
Symptoms and Pathologic Conditions
(Slide 1 of 3)
• Acoustic neuroma: benign tumor arising from
8th cranial nerve, causes tinnitus, vertigo,
dizziness, and decreased hearing
• Cholesteatoma: skin cells and cholesterol in a
sac in the middle ear (cyst-like mass
associated with chronic infections)
• Deafness: loss of ability to hear

80
Symptoms and Pathologic Conditions (Slide
2 of 3)
• Ménière disease: disorder of the labyrinth
with elevated endolymph pressure in the
cochlea and semicircular canals causing
tinnitus, sensitivity to sound, progressive
hearing loss, headache, nausea, and vertigo
• Otitis media: inflammation of the middle ear
• Otosclerosis: hardening of bony tissue in the
labyrinth

81
Symptoms and Pathologic Conditions (Slide
3 of 3)
• Tinnitus: sensation of noises (ringing, buzzing,
whistling, booming) in the ears
• Vertigo: sensation of irregular motion
(whirling) from disease of the inner ear or
nerve carrying messages from the semicircular
canals

82
 Clinical Procedures (Slide 1 of 2)
• Audiometry: an audiometer is an electric
device used to determine hearing loss by
frequency
• Cochlear implant: a surgically implanted
device that allows sensorineural hearing-
impaired persons to understand speech
• Ear thermometry: body temperature
measured with infrared radiation from the
eardrum

83
 Clinical Procedures (Slide 2 of 2)
• Otoscopy: visual examination of the ear with a
small, hand-held scope
• Tuning fork test: hearing tests using a
vibrating fork
Rinne: fork is place against the mastoid bone
(bone conduction) and in front of the auditory
meatus (air conduction)
Weber: fork is placed on the center of the
forehead; normal hearing has equal loudness in
both ears

84
 Abbreviations – The Ear
Abbreviation Meaning
AD Right ear
AOM Acute otitis media
AS Left ear
EENT Eyes, ears, nose, and throat
ENG Electronystagmography
ENT Ears, nose, and throat
ETD Eustachian tube dysfunction
HEENT Head, eyes, ears, nose, and throat
PE tube Pressure-equalizing tube
SOM Serous otitis media

85
Review Sheet – Combining Forms
(Slide 1 of 14)

Combining Form
acous/o
ambly/o
aque/o
audi/o
audit/o
aur/o

86
 Review Sheet – Combining Forms
(Slide 2 of 14)
Combining Form Meaning
acous/o hearing
ambly/o dull, dim
aque/o water
audi/o hearing
audit/o hearing
aur/o ear

87
Review Sheet – Combining Forms
(Slide 3 of 14)

Combining Form
auricul/o
blephar/o
conjunctiv/o
cor/o
corne/o
cycl/o

88
 Review Sheet – Combining Forms
(Slide 4 of 14)
Combining Form Meaning
auricul/o ear
blephar/o eyelid
conjunctiv/o conjunctiva
cor/o pupil
corne/o cornea
cycl/o ciliary body

89
Review Sheet – Combining Forms
(Slide 5 of 14)

Combining Form
dacry/o
dipl/o
glauc/o
ir/o
irid/o
kerat/o
lacrim/o

90
 Review Sheet – Combining Forms
(Slide 6 of 14)
Combining Form Meaning
dacry/o tears
dipl/o double
glauc/o gray
ir/o iris
irid/o iris
kerat/o cornea
lacrim/o tears

91
Review Sheet – Combining Forms
(Slide 7 of 14)

Combining Form
mastoid/o
mi/o
mydr/o
myring/o
nyct/o
ocul/o

92
 Review Sheet – Combining Forms
(Slide 8 of 14)
Combining Form Meaning
mastoid/o mastoid process
mi/o smaller, less
mydr/o widen, enlarge
myring/o eardrum
nyct/o night
ocul/o eye

93
Review Sheet – Combining Forms
(Slide 9 of 14)

Combining Form
ophthalm/o
opt/o
optic/o
ossicul/o
palpebr/o
papill/o
phac/o

94
 Review Sheet – Combining Forms
(Slide 10 of 14)
Combining Form Meaning
ophthalm/o eye
opt/o eye
optic/o eye
ossicul/o ossicle
palpebr/o eyelid
papill/o optic disc
phac/o lens of the eye

95
Review Sheet – Combining Forms
(Slide 11 of 14)

Combining Form
phak/o
phot/o
presby/o
pupill/o
retin/o
salpin/o
scler/o

96
 Review Sheet – Combining Forms
(Slide 12 of 14)
Combining Form Meaning
phak/o lens of the eye
phot/o light
presby/o old age
pupill/o pupil
retin/o retina
salpin/o Eustachian tube
scler/o sclera (white of eye)

97
Review Sheet – Combining Forms
(Slide 13 of 14)

Combining Form
scot/o
staped/o
tympan/o
uve/o
vestibul/o
vitre/o
xer/o

98
 Review Sheet – Combining Forms
(Slide 14 of 14)
Combining Form Meaning
scot/o darkness
staped/o stapes
tympan/o eardrum
uve/o uvea
vestibul/o vestibule
vitre/o glassy
xer/o dry

99
Review Sheet – Suffixes (Slide 1 of 4)

Suffix
-acusis
-cusis
-meter
-metry
-opia

100
 Review Sheet – Suffixes (Slide 2 of 4)
Suffix Meaning
-acusis hearing
-cusis hearing
-meter instrument for measure
-metry process of measurement
-opia vision

101
Review Sheet – Suffixes (Slide 3 of 4)

Suffix
-opsia
-otia
-phobia
-plegic
-tropia

102
 Review Sheet – Suffixes (Slide 4 of 4)
Suffix Meaning
-opsia vision
-otia ear condition
-phobia fear
-plegic paralysis; palsy
-tropia to turn

103