Learning outcome- 2

Apply Professional Ethics

2.1. Developing the Concept of
Profession and Professionalism
The word profession can be defined as a
vocation or occupation requiring especial,
usually advanced education, knowledge
and skill. Thus, the term profession refers to
the knowledge, skill and ability which can
be obtained through formal education and
training.
Cont…
A person who attained a certain
specialized skill is known as a
professional
On the other hand, professionalism is
defined as “The skill, good judgment,
and polite behavior that is expected
from a person who is trained to do a
job well”
Employees who are highly respected
and admired in their roles show
professionalism
 [Link] / qualities of professionalism

Knowing your staff.

Commitment ,
 confidence,
responsibility, ethics,
 appearance ,
 Standing for something.
Being honest/ honesty
 Cont…


[Link] of
professionalism
Someone who displays professional
values will:
Portray a professional image through
reliability, consistency and honesty.
Dress and act appropriately.
Deliver work outcomes to agreed
quality standards and timescales.
Be accountable for their actions
[Link] the Concept of Ethics and Professional Ethics

2.1. Fundamentals of Professional

Ethics
Professional workers are in charge
to change the culture of ethics in
their respective organization.
 They are expected to be role
models in accepting and
implementing their professional
code of ethics.
Cont…
Professional Ethics: refers to
principles that enables
professionals to distinguish what is
right from what is wrong using the
principles as standard of
evaluation
 It can be conceived as parameter
by which actions and behaviors of
a professional can be determined
as right or wrong.
Cont…
Importance of Professional Ethics
A professional code of ethics is designed to ensure
employees are behaving in a manner that is
socially acceptable and respectful of one another
The prime objectives of the Professional Ethics are
as follows:
Moral awareness (proficiency in recognizing moral
problems in engineering like plagiarism and
patenting)
Convincing moral reasoning (understanding,
assessing different views)
Moral coherence (forming consistent viewpoints
based on facts
Cont…
[Link] ethical principles


Professional ethical principle generally serves

for different purposes.
It lays down those moral principles that
should be observed and respected by all the
professionals.
It helps professionals to ensure the provision
of well standardized service to the society
It serves as a bench mark for professionals to
evaluate their activity and code of conduct
accordingly, etc
Cont…
2.4. Ethiopian Ethical service
delivery
In the Ethiopian context, twelve
principles have been identified as
the bases for ethical service
delivery in the working areas in
particular and the public at large.
The values that are stated as
principles of ethical service
delivery are:
Cont…
Integrity Exercising
Loyalty legitimate
Transparency authority
Confidentiality Impartiality
Honesty Respecting the

Accountability law
Responsiveness
Serving the
Leadership
public interest
Cont…
2.5. Ethics and Law


Laws are norms, formally approved by state power

or national or international political bodies.
 Many laws are instituted in order to promote the
well-being of the society, resolve conflicts of
interest, and promote social harmony.
However, there are several reasons why ethics is
not law.
First, some actions that are illegal may not be
unethical
Second, some actions that are unethical may not
be illegal.
Third, laws can be unethical or immoral.
Cont…
2.6. Common Professional Ethics


There are fundamental principles that are

common to all professions regardless of their
specific specialization. They are:
a. Punctuality: Punctuality refers to the state
of being strictly observant of an appointed or
regular time. (being available during working
hours, meeting dead lines…)
b. Honesty and integrity: honest basically
refer to the art of telling the truth.
professionals should be honest, and at the
same time work in good behavior and
integrity.
Cont…
c. Proper utilization of resources:, avoiding of
wastage in any, be it material or financial resources.

d. Loyalty and self –efficacy: Any worker, in a

given profession must stand for, and not against the
employer or the institution. Moreover, an ethical
professionals must develop self-efficacy, that is an
appraisal or evaluation that a professional about
his /her professional and personal competence to
succeed in a particular task.
e. Working in cooperation with collogues: A
worker of a given profession should make sure that
he/she has a good relationship with other workers.


Cont…
F. Anti-corruption spirit: One way of
fighting corruption is by making
professionals to comply with the laws,
rules, and regulations of the state.
G. Confidentiality: A worker of give
profession need to keep some
information that should be kept secret.
H. Commitment: A professional should
help his /her clients and the whole
community to maintain and satisfy
societal or public demands.
Cont…
I. Persistent tolerance and
democratic culture: Any worker or
professional have to develop the ability
and willingness to accommodate
differences in ideas, outlooks or views is
essential
J. Respecting the dignity of people: A
professional or worker should respect
the dignity of all person, serving them in
accordance with their basic needs,
irrespective of their sex, personal status,
religion …..
Cont…
[Link] /Non-partiality: A
professional should be impartial, he/she
should treat all equally in his/her service
delivery without any discrimination.
for example, a trainer should treat his/her
students equally on the basis of their
academic performance or achievement.
[Link] and responsibility:
Any worker in a given profession
has professional responsibilities or
duties. As part of a given organization,
everyone is expected to be answerable
for his/her actions.
 Cont…
M. Transparency: That is, his/her work must
be open to the public to whom he/she
delivers public services. Confident
professionals who work for the people
effectively and efficiently are usually
transparent.
N. Responsiveness: Responsiveness refers to
the extent that a professional satisfies the
needs, preferences, or values of his/her
clients or public, he/she has to able to reply
or respond to the people’s demand.

3.1. Evaluating Ethical practices in
the work place
Ethical practices of workers or
professionals can be evaluated using
ethical standards of workers.
 Some Examples of good ethical
behaviors in the workplace includes
a. Obeying the Company's Rules
 Following rules and regulations
help employees understand what is
expected of them and what will
happen if they violate the rules
Cont…
b. Effective Communication


Keys to Effective Communication

are:
Be positive.
Be a listener
Be an echo.
Be a mirror
Be real
Cont…

c. Taking Responsibility
There is the way to take responsibility for
your life by doing the following:
Take responsibility for your thoughts,
feelings, words and actions.
Stop blaming.
 Stop complaining.
Refuse to take anything personal.
Make yourself happy.
Live in the present moment.
Use the power of intention.
Feel calm and confident
Cont…
d. Accountability:


is an obligation or willingness to

accept responsibility or to account
for one's actions. Some steps to
accountability may include:
Mustering the Courage to see it:
Finding the Heart to own it:
Obtaining the wisdom to solve it:
Exercising the means to do it
 Cont…
e..Trust and Mutual Respect for Your Colleagues
at Work
These ethical behaviors ensure maximum
productivity /output at work.
The Ways to Get Respect from Your Coworkers are
 Follow the Rules.
 Work Hard.
 Talk Less, Listen More.
 Assume the Best About People.
 Apologize and Admit Mistakes.
 Take Criticism and Learn from It.
 Stand Up for Yourself.
 Help Other People Succeed.
Cont…
[Link] Workplace Behaviors
Workplace ethics is not for employees alone.
 Employers are also bound to workplace
ethics and may also be tried for unethical
behavior.
some un ethical Behaviors in work place
include:-
[Link]:
Lying is a trait that is hated in and outside
the workplace.
 It kills trust, affects relationships and may
even put people in trouble.
 Cont…
[Link] Credit for Others Hard Work
 It is very common for managers to take credit
for their team member's hard work when
reporting to the management.
 By taking credit for another person's work, you
will be denying the person a promotion, bonus
or commendation for a job well done.
[Link] Harassment/Abuse
 Employees need to stay away from using foul
language on coworkers in and out of the
workplace.
 This is very important when dealing with
customers
Cont…
As a customer care representative,
salesperson or any other employee, it is
important that you don't use abusive
words on customers no matter how
provoked.
[Link]
Similar to verbal harassment, employees
should not be violent when dealing with
coworkers and customers. Customers may
likely provoke you, but it is better to keep
shut and walk away rather than turn
violent.
Cont…
[Link]-Office Related Work
A lot of employees have side
hustles which they use to
supplement salaries.
This is very good and only very
few companies are against
employees working to make
money outside work hours.
However, some employees still
do non-office related work during
Cont…
Employees who have side hustles should
try doing them on weekends or employing
other people to handle some of the
business logistics to avoid eating into
office hours to get the work done.
F. Extended Breaks
Companies give lunch breaks to
employees and people take advantage of
these breaks to do other things outside
office work like, go for interviews, meet
with friends or even work on their side
hustles.
Cont…
[Link] Harassment
Sexual harassment is an offense
that is not limited to the
workplace alone.
Many companies have a zero-
tolerance rate for sexual
harassment in and outside the
workplace. This may tarnish the
company's reputation and the
only way to curb is to make an
Cont…
[Link] Harassment
It is common among employers to
verbally harass employees when
they make little mistakes. This will
reduce employee morale and
productivity.
Employers should always say kind
words to their employees.
Cont…
I. Excessive Pressure
Deadlines are a great way to make
sure the work gets done on time.
However, when employees are placed
under undue pressure, they end up
trading quality for on-time delivery.
An example of undue pressure will be
giving an employee a 1-day deadline
for a project that would normally take
a week.
Cont…
J. Unfriendly Work
Environment
One of the things that can hurt
productivity is an unfriendly
working environment. This may
come as a combination of
abusive bosses, lack of praise,
nepotism, etc.
 An unfriendly environment is an
environment that combines
Cont…
[Link] Expectations
Unrealistic expectations from
both parties (employees and
employer) can be unethical
behavior in a work place.
3.3 How to Solve Unethical Issues at the Workplace

a. Have Rules
• Organizations need to have predefined
rules and regulations regarding workplace
ethics.
• These rules and regulations should be
given to new employees together with
their employment contracts
 Also having the rules written at strategic
places at the workplace will also help remind
people about the rules. People tend to
unconsciously imbibe things they see every
day
Cont…
[Link]
Feedback/Complaint
Make it easy for employees to
send feedback or complaint in
case of harassment, abuse, or
any other unethical activities
going on in the workplace.
Cont…
c. List Consequences for
Unethical Behaviors
Consequences for unethical
behaviors should also be placed
alongside the rules at strategic
places in the organization. That
way, if anyone wants to ignore
the rules despite seeing them,
the fear of getting punished will
stop him or her from going
ahead.
 Cont…
[Link] Justice/Disciplinary
Action
Some companies often cover up
issues of rape, sexual harassment,
etc. when the perpetrator is a high-
ranking member of the organization.
Things like this should not be
accommodated. Irrespective of who
breaks the rule, there should be swift
disciplinary action by the
organization.
Cont…
3.4. Factors Affecting the Practice
of Ethical Behaviour
There are different factors that can
affect the Practice of ethical behavior
that are individual and social Factors.
[Link] Factors
Many individual factors affect a
person's ethical behavior at work,
such as knowledge, values, personal
goals, morals and personality.
Cont…
Without the appropriate knowledge,
you could be choosing an unethical path.
Values are an individual's judgment or
standard of behavior. They are another
individual factor that affects ethical
behavior.
 To some people, acting in an improper
way is just a part of doing business.
Would you feel that it is ethical to make
up lies about your competitor just to win
a contract?
Cont…
Morals are the rules people develop
as a result of cultural norms and
values and are, traditionally, what
employees learn from their childhood,
culture, education, religion, etc. They
are usually described as good or bad
behavior.
Would you have good morals if you
pushed a product on a customer that
you knew was not going to help solve
a problem?
Cont…
[Link] Factors
Cultural norms, the Internet and friends
and family are three social factors that
can affect ethical behavior.
Different cultures have norms that vary
from place to place in the business world.
 For example, you might have to face a
request for a bribe in order to conduct
business in certain countries. This might
be unethical to you but considered an
acceptable norm in their workplace
Cont…
3.5. Advantages and implications of Workplace Ethics
A. It can stimulate positive employee behavior and create a
positive atmosphere in the workplace

[Link] management guides and mentors their employees in a

healthy environment
C.A workplace with good ethics usually strengthens the bond
employees have with their superior

[Link] boosts productivity through employee performance and job

satisfaction which in turn increases company growth.
Cont…
[Link] Purpose of Professional Codes of
Conduct and
Practice
A code of ethics is a guide or principles designed
to help professionals conduct business honestly
and with integrity
A well-written code of conduct clarifies an
organization's mission, values and principles,
linking them with standards of professional
conduct.
The code articulates the values the organization
wishes to foster in leaders and employees and,
in doing so, defines desired behavior
Cont…
[Link] of Codes of Ethics
A code of ethics can take a variety of
forms, but the general goal is to
ensure that a business and its
employees are following the laws,
conducting themselves with an ideal
that can be exemplary, and ensuring
that the business being conducted is
beneficial for all stakeholders. The
following are codes of ethics found in
business.
Cont…
i. Compliance-Based Code of Ethics
Compliance-based codes of ethics not
only set guidelines for conduct but also
determine penalties for violations.
 Companies formulate compliance-based
codes of ethics to enforce laws and
regulations. And employees usually
undergo formal training to learn the rules
of conduct.
To ensure that the aims and principles of
the code of ethics are followed, some
companies appoint a compliance officer.
Cont…
This type of code of ethics is based on
clear-cut rules and well-defined
consequences rather than individual
monitoring of personal behavior.
ii. Value-Based Code of Ethics
A value-based code of ethics
addresses a company's core value
system. It may require a greater
degree of self-regulation than
compliance-based codes.
Cont…
4.3 The Difference between a Code of Ethics and a
Code of
Conduct

A code of ethics is broader in its nature, outlining

what is acceptable for the company in terms of
integrity and how it operates. Whereas a code of
conduct is more focused in nature and instructs how
a business' employees should act daily and in
specific situations.
 A code of conduct is originated from the code of
ethics.
 Lengthwise code ethics is a shorter document than a code
of conduct.
 Code of ethics is publically available, that is anyone can
access it. Conversely code of conduct is addressed to
employees only.
Cont…
[Link] of Professional
Practice
The Standards of Professional
Practice are an agreed upon set of
ethical and professional standards.
Members of a profession uses these
standards in developing their own
codes and guide them daily as they
continue their work.
These standards include the
following:
 Cont…
A. Professional Services
Members of a profession fulfill the
responsibilities of their position by supporting
the educational interests (e.g. in educational
institutions), rights, and welfare of clients in
accordance with the mission of the employing
institution.
B. Agreement with Institutional Mission
and Goals
Members who accept employment with an
educational institution subscribe to the
general mission and goals of the institution.
 Cont…
C. Management of Institutional
Resources
Members of the profession seek to
advance the welfare of the
employing institution through
accountability for the proper use of
institutional funds, personnel,
equipment, and other resources.
D. Employment Relationship
Cont…
E. Conflict of Interest
Members recognize their obligation to the
employing institution and seek to avoid
private interests, obligations, and
transactions which are in conflict of
interest or give the appearance of
impropriety.
Members clearly distinguish between
statements and actions which represent
their own personal views and those which
represent their employing institution when
important to do so.
Cont…
F. Legal Authority
 Members respect and acknowledge all lawful
authority. Members refrain from conduct
involving dishonesty, fraud, deceit, and
misrepresentation or unlawful discrimination.
G. Equal Consideration and Treatment of
Others
 Members execute professional responsibilities
with fairness and impartiality and show equal
consideration to individuals regardless of status
or position. Members respect individuality and
promote an appreciation of human diversity
everywhere ([Link] higher educational
institutions).
Cont…
H. Professional Behavior
Members demonstrate and promote responsible
behavior and support actions that enhance
personal growth and development of workers.
I. Integrity of Information and Research
Members ensure that all information conveyed
to others is accurate and in appropriate context.
 In their research and publications, members
conduct and report research studies to assure
accurate interpretation of findings, and they
adhere to accepted professional standards of
academic integrity.
 Cont…
J. Confidentiality
Members ensure that confidentiality is
maintained with respect to all privileged
communications and to educational and
professional records considered confidential.
They inform all parties of the nature and/or
limits of confidentiality
K. Research Involving Human Subjects
Members are aware of and take responsibility
for all pertinent ethical principles and
institutional requirements when planning any
research activity dealing with human subjects.
 Cont…
L. Representation of Professional
Competence
Members at all times represent accurately
their professional credentials,
competencies, and limitations and act to
correct any misrepresentations of these
qualifications by others
Members make proper referrals to
appropriate professionals when the
member's professional competence does
not meet the task or issue in question.
 Cont…
M. Selection and Promotion
Practices
Members support nondiscriminatory,
fair employment practices by
appropriately publicizing staff
vacancies, selection criteria,
deadlines, and promotion criteria in
accordance with the spirit and intent
of equal opportunity policies and
established legal guidelines and
institutional policies.
 Cont…
N. References
Members, when serving as a reference, provide
accurate and complete information about
candidates, including both relevant strengths and
limitations of a professional and personal nature.
O. Job Description and Performance
Evaluation
Members clearly define with subordinates and
supervisors job responsibilities and decision-
making procedures, mutual expectations,
accountability procedures, and evaluation
criteria.
 Cont…
P. Campus Community
 Members promote a sense of community among all areas
of the campus by working cooperatively with staff, and
others outside the institution to address the common
goals.
Q. Professional Development
 Members have an obligation to continue personal
professional growth and to contribute to the development
of the profession by enhancing personal knowledge and
skills, sharing ideas and information, improving
professional practices, conducting and reporting research,
and participating in association activities.
 Members promote and facilitate the professional growth
of staff and they emphasize ethical standards in
professional preparation and development programs.
 Cont…
R. Assessment
Members regularly and
systematically assess organizational
structures, programs, and services to
determine whether the
developmental goals and needs of
workers are being met and to assure
conformity to published standards
and guidelines.
Cont…
[Link] Decision Making
An Ethical decision is one that
generates and sustains trust;
demonstrates respect, responsibility,
fairness and caring to an individual;
and is consistent with good
citizenship.
Ethical decision-making involves the
ability to distinguish right from wrong
along with the commitment to do
what is right
Cont…
Workers are expected to make ethical
and sound decisions in the workplace.
Decisions should be made on the basis
of established rules, regulations,
procedures and practices.
Ethical decisions making is the process
of identifying a problem, generating
alternatives, and choosing among
them, maximizing ethical values while
also achieving the intended goal.
Cont…
Before making any decision the responsible
person should consider the following
points:
There should be accurate and
comprehensive information. As in any
other decision-making process, facts and
evidences must be organized beforehand.
Relevant policy and legislation have to be
considered
The advice of others (i.e., professionals on
a given area) should be sought before
making any final decision.
Cont…
Notice and eliminate unethical options -right vs.
wrong. Ethical thinking requires a sensitivity to
perceive the ethical implications of decisions.
Evaluate complex, ambiguous and incomplete
facts. It is often difficult to obtain all necessary
information.
Select the best ethical alternative. Resolve any
ethical dilemmas-right vs. wrong. Not all ethical
responses to a situation are equal.
Have ethical commitment, ethical
consciousness, and ethical competency. Ethical
thinking and decision making takes practice
Cont…
[Link] that affect Professional and Ethical
Decision
 No matter how a person comes to make a
decision, there are usually three factors that
influence a person’s ethical decision-making
process.
[Link] factors
This can affect a person greatly when making
ethical or unethical decisions.
 Every person will have a slightly different belief
when it comes to individual factors.
 It is always best to talk with an employee or
consult the code of ethics before making
individual decisions.
Cont…
ii. organizational factor
The organizational factor can be defined
as a set of values or norms that is shared
by members or employees of an
organization.
 If all of the employees or associates have
negative views to the organizational
factors/set of values or norms of the
organization/unethical decision making in
the organization can be prevalent.

Cont…
[Link] factor
Opportunity factor can be defined as
a situation that encourages or
discourages a person.
 Opportunity factors are based on
whether there are opportunities to
make ethical or unethical decisions.
If the company promotes the do
whatever it takes.

Cont…
7.1. Promoting Ethical Standards and
Practice
•In order to promote Ethical standards and
practice with clients, colleagues and others the
following behaviours should be considered:
a. Communicate Ethical Expectations
An organizational code of ethics can
reduce ethical ambiguities. The code of
ethics should state the organization’s
primary values and the ethical rules that
employees are expected to follow.
Managers should remember that a code of
ethics is worthless if leaders fail to model
ethical behaviours.
Cont…
b. Be a Role Model and Be Visible
Employees look at top managers to
understand what behaviour is
acceptable.
Senior management sets the tone for
ethics in the workplace.
c. Offer Ethics Training
Managers should set up seminars,
workshops and similar programs to
promote ethics in the workplace.
Cont…
[Link] Reward Ethical Acts and
Punish
Unethical Ones
Performance appraisals of managers
should include evaluations of how
actions measure up against the
organization’s code of ethics.
Appraisals need to include how
managers achieve these goals, as
well as the goals themselves
Cont…

e. Provide Protective Mechanisms

 The organization provision of formal mechanisms
that allow employees to discuss ethical dilemmas
and report unethical behaviour without fear of
reprimand that could include developing roles for
ethical counsellors, ombudsmen or ethical officers.
f. Provide Protective Mechanisms
 The organization provision of formal mechanisms
that allow employees to discuss ethical dilemmas
and report unethical behaviour without fear of
reprimand that could include developing roles for
ethical counsellors, ombudsmen or ethical officers.
Cont…
[Link] to Improve an Organization's
Ethical Climate
a).Empowerment of Employees
One way to improve the ethical climate
of your organization is to give
employees more power over their work.
 Empowerment can produce better
results from employees, such as more
creative solutions to business problems,
when implemented effectively.
Cont…
b. Communication Policies and
Procedures
Improve your communication policies
and procedures so that information will
flow more smoothly and frequently
between employees and managers.
For example, assign a manager, HR
specialist or ad-hoc team to create a
series of training scenarios that teach
employees the right thing to do in
common situations faced in your
company.
Cont…
c. Discipline and Consequences
You can't expect all employees to
comply with the ethics policy without
some kind of discipline. Enforce your
consequences for violations of the
ethics policy evenly, regardless of
the offender's high or low status
Cont …
d. Changing Bad Patterns
As you look at employee behaviours
and enforce your ethics policy, you
might see patterns of unethical
behaviour. This might indicate that
some rules and procedures need to
be changed in the organization, even
it affects ways of doing things that
save time or money or increase
profits.
Learning outcome -3 Develop the
Practice of Patriotic Personality
[Link] of patriotism
Patriotism in a Modern notion is
defined with the respect of human
rights and constitutional democracy. It
is an appreciation of multiculturalism
 Patriotism in a rational meaning also
defined as sense of attachment to a
homeland or the country and alliance
with other citizens who share the same
sentiment to create a feeling of
oneness among the people.
 Cont…
1.2. Patriotism versus Nationalism
The Similarity between Patriotism and Nationalis m
 Patriotism mean devotion to a particular place
and a particular way of life, which one believes to
be the best in the world but has no wish to force
upon other people.
 Patriotism is of its nature defensive, both
militarily and culturally.
 Nationalism, on the other hand, is inseparable
from the desire for power
 But Nationalism and Patriotism are similar in that
both show the relationship of an individual
towards his or her nation
Cont…
The Difference between Patriotism and
Nationalism
The two are often confused and frequently
believed to mean the same thing. However, there
is a vast difference between nationalism and
patriotism.
Nationalism means to give more importance to
unity by way of a cultural background, including
language and heritage.
Patriotism pertains to the love for a nation, with
more emphasis on values and beliefs.
Patriotism is based on affection and nationalism is
rooted in rivalry and resentment. One can say
that nationalism is militant by nature and
patriotism is based on peace.
Cont…
Most nationalists assume that their
country is better than any other, whereas
patriots believe that their country is one
of the best and can be improved in many
ways. Patriots tend to believe in friendly
relations with other countries while some
nationalists don’t.
In patriotism, people all over the world are
considered equal but nationalism implies
that only the people belonging to one’s
own country should be considered one’s
equal.
Cont…
 Patriot: Expresses the emotion of love towards
his country in a passive way
 Nationalist: Strives for independence and the
interests and domination of a nation and
expresses his love or concern for the country in
an active political way.
[Link] of Patriotism:
There are two types of Patriotism. Traditional
and Constitutional (Democratic) patriotism
[Link] Patriotism
Traditional patriotism is a patriot one who dies
for its country, respects and the national
anthems, flags, and loves the physical features
of the country.
Cont…
Some major characteristics of
traditional patriotism are:
Love of one’s country and
particularistic sense of belonging to
nation or country;
It is required to be loyal only to the
government irrespective of its
political character;
The state is considered as supreme
and has the sovereign power;
Cont…
[Link] (Democratic)
patriotism
Its guiding Principles are the constitutional
democracy;
It celebrates one’s belongingness to
constitutional state;
Loyal to the values and principles of democracy
enshrined in democratic constitution;
Generally, patriot in modern sense is the one
who live the community or the people he/she
belongs stand for the right of the others. It is
also readiness to make sacrifices for what is
considered its best interest.
 Cont…
[Link] of Patriotism
There are certain conditions that
make people to love their homeland
and these conditions are known as
factors or basis for building
patriotism.
 These factors include tolerance of
diversity, legality, and prevalence of
rule of law in the country
 Cont…
 Tolerance of Diversity
Tolerance of diversity accepts any
kinds of difference as natural.
Differences in race, language, colour,
religion, etc by themselves are cultural
values of a country. This condition
indicates that, patriotism is not only
love of the soil of one’s birth land, its
scenario-the physical topography but
more importantly love of people of the
country.
Cont…
 Prevalence of equality
Equal access implies equitable distribution of
natural resources political power and social
services to the people of the country. Citizens
would not have sense of love for their country
unless they are entertained equally to use all
kinds of opportunities in their country.
 Prevalence of Rule of Law
Rule of law is another important factor for the
development of patriotic feeling. Therefore, to
enable citizens to have strong patriotic feeling
and positive attitude towards their country,
there should be prevalence of rule of law.
2.1 Describing qualities of patriotic citizen

• Some of the qualities of a patriotic citizen are as

follows:
 Respecting constitution and
its
provisions
In the constitutional system it is a duty of
every citizen to show unreserved support
for the implementation of constitutional
provision. They can also do this by fulfilling
constitutional obligations in good faith.
Cont…
Respecting the rights of others
A patriot has the duty to respect the
constitutional right and entitlement of
individual and group. As a patriot you are
expected to respect the rights of your fellow
citizens.
 Loyalty
 Loyalty is the quality of being faithful
allegiance to the particular state or people.
Loyalty of Patriots is devoted to the nation
and its historical and cultural achievement.
Cont…
Developing tolerance and the
culture of peace
Tolerance and the culture of peace are
important attribute of true patriotism
in multicultural society.
 As a patriotic person, you need to be
keen in solving your problems and
differences in a peaceful manner
 Cont…
Keep National Secrets
State secrets are those you should
keep due to social mindedness and
love for your country.
 A patriot always maintains national
secrets, especially, at the time of
war.
A patriot is not a dictator and does
not make treason against his/her
country.
Cont…
Respecting National Symbol
A patriot always respects his/her
country’s national values.
 National symbols include such things as
national flag, national anthem, and
national day or days of independency.
Beside this Ethiopia has also national day
such as March 2 victory of Adwa, May 5 is
the day that marked the end of the five
years struggle between Ethiopian
patriots and the Italian invaders.
Cont…
Exposing unjust act
As a patriot, you are expected to expose
wrong doing, unethical activities and
mismanagements of any organization,
individual and groups.
True patriots publicize information about
human right violations by anybody. They
also give out information about any illegal
act that may be going in any
organization.
Executing Responsibility
[Link] Concept of Responsibility
 Responsibility is the state of being
answerable for an obligation and
having the skill, ability, and capacity
to bear it.
Responsibility could be keeping
promise, observing laws and other
social values taking inlet yourself
and your fellow
Cont…

Executing responsibility include: -

i. keeping promise
Keeping promise is a declaration which
binds the person who makes it, either in
honor, conscience, or law to do or for
bear certain specific act.
 A good citizen always keeps his/her
promise, because he/she has at least a
moral obligation to do so as a member of
the society.
Cont…
ii. Avoid wastage of public
property
Public property include all those
properties in your school, public toilets
power generating plants, electric power
transmission towers across the country,
roads, telecommunication networks and
hospitals e t c
 As a citizen, you have the responsibility
to protect such properties for future
use.
Cont
Wastage of public property can take many
forms, for example:
Misappropriation or misuse of public
property
The purchase of unnecessary or inadequate
goods
Reckless use of the properties of the state
Too many staff being employed in particular
area, incurring cost which might otherwise
have been avoided
Staff being remunerated for skills that they
do not have, but are required to have under
the terms or conditions of their employment
Cont…
iii. Concerned with Global issues
 Human survival depends on natural
environment. Responsible citizen gives strong
attention to protect his/her environment from
the Resource depletion following problem
Over population
Pollution such us Water pollution, Waste and
waste disposal, Ocean acidification
and Acid rain.
Environmental degradation
ozone layer depletion
Terrorism
Human trafficking
Drug trafficking etc.
Cont…
iii.
Preservation of Historical
Heritage
Historical heritages are things that reflect
the living condition of the ancient people,
their culture, their work and their
artifacts etc.
 Historical heritages are the best proof of
a nation’s history and traditional culture.
 They are considered as precious
material, spiritual treasures which
promote strong sense of national pride
and patriotic enthusiasm.
Cont…
Historical and cultural heritages are widely
used for two main sorts of modern
function:
 They provide socio cultural places of
identities and are also resources for an
important leisure service industry.

They are the main source of tourism

industry. A country with plenty of historical
and cultural heritage has the potential to
attract many visiting people from all over
the world.
Cont…
Some of Ethiopians historical and cultural heritages
are:-
Harar Jegol building,
The city of Harar
The axumites obelisks
Axum Tsion Church
Ge’ez language, (Ethiopia’s first written
language,)
Rock hewn churches of Lalibela
Fasildes castle in Gondar
Aba Jiffar palace in Jimma
Kumsa Moroda palace in Nekemte
Sofomer cave of Bale
The Nejashi mosque in Tigray etc.
Cont…
[Link] of Responsibility
Citizens’responsibility can be seen as
individual or group.
[Link] responsibilities
Individual responsibility refers to the moral
and legal obligation of citizens to take care for
and take responsibility for themselves and
their action.
 Individual responsibility includes fulfilling
personal responsibilities to oneself, family,
friends and others. Personal responsibility
leads to social acceptance.
Cont…
Citizens personal responsibility Includes
Self-governance
Obliging the law
Supporting families
Behaving in civil manner
Managing their life properly
Respecting the right and interest of others
Being responsible for the consequences of
one’s action
Adhering the social and moral principle etc.
Cont…
[Link] Responsibility
Group responsibility is the
responsibility shared by all members of
a group, community, or a nation to
promote the public interest of the
common good.
 In any society members have various
social obligations in their society.
 These responsibilities are often called
civic responsibilities.
Cont…
Some of citizen’s social obligations include:
Performing public service honestly
Paying tax
Protecting public property and concern for the
environment
Taking part in political activities
Managing and resolving conflict
Negotiation and compromise
Being informed and attentive to public issues
Obeying the law
Respecting Values and Norms of Society
Serving in the armed forces
 Cont…
Fulfilling obligations is the basis for
social life; it has the following
benefits:
 Develops independence and self
esteem,
 Achieve knowledge and experience,
 Attain gratitude from the society
e.t.c
Both personal and group
responsibilities can be categorized in
to Moral and legal responsibilities.
Cont…
I. Legal responsibility: includes
promises, appointments,
assignments, occupations, customs,
traditions, moral principles,
citizenship, and laws are all sources
of responsibility.
II. Moral responsibility: includes
discharge: respecting seniors (elders),
punctuality, honesty, keeping promise
are all examples of moral
responsibility
Cont…
[Link] of Responsible person
Responsible person is the one who identifies
and accepts the consequences-good or bad- of
his decisions.
Being responsible means:
Think before we act.
Think about how our actions affect others.
Think before we speak.
Are accountable
Fix our mistakes. e .t.c .
4 Discussing the Concept of Corruption
[Link] of Corruption
Corruption is a form of dishonesty or a
criminal offense which is undertaken by a
person or an organization which is entrusted
with a position of authority, in order to
acquire illicit benefits or abuse power for
one's personal gain.
 Corruption erodes trust, weakens
democracy, hampers economic development
and further exacerbates inequality, poverty,
social division and the environmental crisis.
Cont…
[Link] of Corruption
The following are some main causes of corruption:
Low Pay scales/ Wages
Most of the employees in the government sector
are paid low wages and salaries. Hence some
employees revert to corruption for more
financial benefits.
Low Job opportunities.
This is another cause of corruption. Due to the
lack of job opportunities, many people like to go
for corruption mode to get a job offer. They will
be ready to pay lump-sum amounts for the job
offer to the higher officials or politicians
Cont…
Lack of Strict and fast punishments:
Even if someone is found guilty or even
caught red-handed by the anti-corruption
officials or media, the convicts get less
punishment.
Lack of Public Unity
Lack of transparency in affairs and
deals
Many seat selection processes like in
education, contracts for the job, employee
income reports (wealth possession), etc.,
lack transparency.
Cont…
Lackof Independent detective
agency
Lack of the independent detective agency
with full power and freedom to expose the
corrupt individuals.
Lack of enough powers to the judicial
system
Like the election commission cannot ban a
politician from contesting in case they make
a mistake or do not comply with the rules
during the poll campaign (like distributing
money to people etc.).
Cont…
4. [Link] of Corruption
4.3.1. Grand Corruption

 It is a type of corruption in which huge amount of

public property and government money flow into
the pocket of individuals within a short period of
time.
 The principal participants of grand corruption are
higher government officials, political leader, higher
level professionals and higher-level merchants.
 Grand corruption is the abuse of high-level power
that benefits the few at the expense of the many,
and causes serious and widespread harm to
individuals and society.
Cont…
There are three major branches of grand
corruption which are Political
corruption, Bureaucratic corruption
and Organizational (Systemic)
corruption.
Political corruption: An illegal act by
an office holder constitutes political
corruption only if the act is directly
related to their official duties, is done
under color of law or involves trading in
influence.
Cont…
Bureaucratic corruption:
A useful working definition of public sector
corruption is the abuse of Authority by public
officials to make personal gains.
Organizational (Systemic)
corruption: is corruption which is
primarily due to the weaknesses of an
organizational process.
It can be contrasted with individual officials
or agents who act corruptly within the
system. It is also termed as endemic
corruption.
Cont…
[Link] corruption
 Itis a type of corruption under which small
amount of public property (wealth) is
transferred illegally in to the pocket of
individuals.
Petty corruption also defined as a type of
everyday abuse of entrusted power by low-
and mid-level public officials in their
interactions with ordinary citizens, who
often are trying to access basic goods or
services in places like hospitals, schools,
police departments and other agencies.
Cont…
4.4. Manifestation of Corruption
 Corruption can be manifested in different ways
and there are many types of corruption.
Common types of corruption include
Bribery
 Bribery is the bestowing of a benefit (money or
favors) to influence an action or decision
unduly.
 The «benefit» in bribery can be virtually any
inducement: money and valuables, company
shares, inside information, sexual or other
favors, entertainment, employment or, indeed,
the mere promise of incentives.
Cont…
Nepotism
Nepotism is favoritism shown by public
official to relatives or close friends generally
involving abuses of discretion.
Embezzlement, Theft and Fraud
In the context of corruption, embezzlement,
theft and fraud all involve the taking or
conversion of money, property, or valuable
items by an individual who is not entitled to
them but, by virtue of his or her position or
employment, has access to them.
Cont…
Abuse of Discretion
For example, an official responsible
for Government contracting may
exercise the discretion to purchase
goods or services from a company in
which he or she holds a personal
interest or propose real estate
developments that will increase the
value of property.
Cont…
[Link] of corruption
Lack of quality in services
In a system with corruption, there is no
quality of service. To demand quality one
might need to pay for it. This is seen in many
areas like municipality, electricity,
distribution of relief funds etc.
Lack of proper justice
A crime may be proved as a benefit of the
doubt due to lack of evidence or even the
evidence erased. Due to corruption in the
police system, the investigation process
goes on for decades.
Cont…
 Poor Health and hygiene
 Disregard for officials
 Delay in growth
 Lack of development If there are no proper
roads, water, and electricity, the companies
do not wish to start up there. This hinders the
economic progress of that region.
 decrease in foreign investment

There are many incidents wherein foreign

investments which were willing to come to
India have gone back owing to heavy
corruption in the government bodies
Cont…
[Link] towards
combating Corruption
There are two types of approaches
toward combating corruption.
Preventive approach: it is based
on laws of the land starting from the
constitution, other laws and rules. It
focuses on the preventive role that
those laws can play, E.g., Rules
related to financial administration.
Cont…
Corrective Approach: It includes
receiving complaints, investigating
corruption cases and bring the corrupt
officials before justice.
Particularly committed citizens that are
vigilant to protect public property are
needed to fight against corruption.
 Such as Whistle blowers, these are people
who expose wrong doings or unethical
activities or criminal acts happening in
their surrounding without identifying
themselves as a source.
Cont…
[Link] for Combating Corruption
4.7.1. Political Commitment
Combating corruption through governmental actions
is ultimately a matter of political will. Without
genuine political will, government’s promises to
reform the civil service or introduce transparency
and accountability are unlikely to take place.
[Link] Reform
This requires eliminating redundant
structures; introducing transparent and
accountable rules and regulations. giving due
attention to area that are phone to
corruption and better equipping of civil
servants for their tasks
Cont..,.
 4.7.3 Transparency and
Accountability
 Transparency is ensured by putting
in place such measures as setting
standards for timely services,
requiring reasons for decision and
providing redress against decisions.
 accountability mechanisms can be
exercised through administrative,
legal and political arrangements
Cont…
 4.7.4 Legal Framework
a. Anti- corruption law anti- - corruption
laws to penalize corrupt officials and civil
servants. The list of anti-corruption laws
should include investigation and
prosecution of cases of corruption,
disclosure, of financial interests and other
properties, and whistle blower protector
mechanisms.
b. Code of Ethics
Code of ethics serves bas guide to
acceptable and unacceptable
Cont…
c. Conflict of Interest Laws Conflict interest
is any interest is any interest that either
directly or indirectly influences the officials
and civil servant in the discharge of their
duties
d. Whistle-blower Protection Law
4.7.5 Establishment of key
Institutions
General Auditor
Ombudsman
Ethics Coordinating Body;
The Judiciary.
5 The Sense of Volunteerism
The Concept of Volunteerism
Volunteerism is the practice of donating time,
energy, knowledge and skills for the benefit of a
community as asocial responsibility rather than
for any financial reward.
Benefits of volunteerism
The act of volunteerism resulted in: Gain
confidence
Make a difference
Meet people. Volunteering can help you meet
different kinds of people and make new friends.
Be part of a community
Learn new skills
Cont…
 The qualities of volunteer
 Enthusiasm
 Flexibility
 Reliability
 Creative and passionate
 Integrity
 Basic Principles of volunteerism
 benefits the community and the volunteer
 work is unpaid
 is always a matter of choice
 is not a substitute for paid work
 Respects the rights, dignity and culture of others
6. Developing the Practice of
Industriousness
The Concept of Industriousness The
term industriousness is derived from the
word industry which means the quality
of regularly working hard.
The Culture of Hard Work and
Development
Hard work→ increase productivity →
more choice to satisfy your needs → This
enhances your creativity → lead to the
invention → technological development.
Cont…
Characteristics of Industrious
person
Some of the most common traits of
industrious people include efficiency,
perseverance, and a strong work ethic.
a. Becoming More Efficient
Plan ahead
Make lists of items "to do
Delegate work and share tasks
Cont…
b. Developing Perseverance
Develop specific, measurable goals
(SMART)
Resist the urge to delay.
Take pleasure in your effort.
Visualize your success

c. Cultivating Strong Work Habits

Be punctual
Eliminate or reduce distractions
Be more professional.
Cont…
Ignore the little things at work that upset you.
Be more self-disciplined and
keep yourself motivated.
Stay above the gossip that circulates through your
workplace.
Show kindness and respect to everyone you work
with.
Make sure your personal attitude is professional,
appropriate, and contributes to a healthy work
environment.
Have restful evenings.
Develop a healthy morning routine.
Cont…
d. Communicating Effectively
Try taking a few deep breaths.
Make yourself a cup of herbal tea.
Visualize a pleasant place for a few
minutes.
Go for a walk.
Use simple speech.
Work on your body language
Be more assertive
Focus on the conversation
Cont…
Factors Affecting the World of
Work
 i. Tardiness and Absence Chronic employee
tardiness affects the workplace in a number of ways.
Other employees have to make up the work
difference and may feel angry or resentful toward
the late employees.
 ii. Company Changes New technologies like
new machinery, updated computer systems or new
inventory applications can confuse some workers.
 Iii Growth Opportunities Employee
growth opportunities like paid workshops or college
courses positively affect the workplace.
Cont…
iv. Teamwork and Dysfunction
Employees who work together to
meet challenges and reach goals
have a positive, uplifting effect on
the business. When groups or teams
enjoy this kind of camaraderie, it is
often infectious and can influence
other work groups in the company.
 Cont…
 Factors Affecting Job Satisfaction
Job satisfaction is a big factor in employ
ee engagement
.
Job satisfaction depends on several
different factors such as
satisfaction with pay,
promotion opportunities,
fringe benefits,
job security,
relationship with co-workers and
 Cont…
Job satisfaction may lead to cost
reduction by reducing absences, task
errors, conflicts at work and turnover.
understanding the factors involved in
job satisfaction is crucial to improving
employees ‘performance and
productivity.
THANK
YOU