FLUID MEHANICS
FLUID MECHANICS - 1
FLUID MECHANICS AND
PROPERTIES
A branch of physics that studies the behavior of
fluids (liquids, gases, and plasmas) and the forces
acting on them. It is divided into two main areas:
1. Fluid statics, which deals with fluids at rest, and
2. Fluid dynamics, which examines fluids in motion
and the effect of forces on that motion.
Different Types of Fluids
Basically, the fluids are classified into 5 types and
these are:
1. Ideal Fluid
2. Real Fluid
3. Newtonian Fluid
4. Non-Newtonian Fluid,
5. Ideal Plastic Fluid
Different Types of Fluids
1. Ideal Fluid
A fluid which is uncompressed and have no
viscosity falls in the category of ideal fluid.
Ideal fluid is not found in actual practice but it is
an imaginary fluid because all the fluid that exist
in the environment have some viscosity. There is
no ideal fluid in reality.
Different Types of Fluids
2. Real Fluid
A fluid which has at least some viscosity is called
real fluid.
Actually, all the fluids existing or present in the
environment are called real fluids.
Different Types of Fluids
3. Newtonian Fluid
If a real fluid obeys the Newton’s Law of
Viscosity (i,e the shear stress is directly
proportional to the shear strain) then it is
known as the Newtonian Fluid.
Example: Water, Kerosene
Different Types of Fluids
4. Non-Newtonian Fluid
If a real fluid does not obey the Newton’s
Law of Viscosity, then it is known as the
Non-Newtonian Fluid.
Example: Paint, Toothpaste
Different Types of Fluids
5. Ideal Plastic Fluid
A fluid having the value of shear stress more
than the yield value and shear stress is
proportional to the shear strain (velocity
gradient) is known as ideal plastic fluid.
FLUID
PROPERTIES
Fluid properties are the
measurable characteristics of a
fluid (liquid or gas) that describe
how it behaves under different
physical conditions. These
properties determine how fluids
flow, resist forces, transfer heat,
and interact with their
surroundings.
DENSITY OR MASS DENSITY
Known as the Mass per unit
volume of fluid. Important for
buoyancy, pressure, and flow
calculations. (kg/m3 or
slug/ft3).
Where:
ρ = mass density (kg/m³)
m = mass of the substance (kg)
v = volume of the substance (m³)
If water, ρ = 1000 kg /m3 or
slug/ft3 at 4 degrees Celsius.
SPECIFIC WEIGHT (γ)
Known also as the Weight per unit
volume (N/m³).
Related to density:
Specific Volume:
Where:
γ = specific weight (N/m³)
w = weight (N)
g = acceleration due to gravity
(9.81 m/s² on Earth)
SPECIFIC GRAVITY (Sg)
Also known as the ratio of
fluid density to the density
of water (dimensionless).
KINEMATIC VISCOSITY (ν)
It measures how easily a
fluid flows under gravity,
considering both its
viscosity and density.
Where:
ν = kinematic viscosity
ρ = mass density
BULK MODULUS (Eb)
Measure of fluid’s resistance to
compression.
Where:
Eb = bulk modulus (Pa or N/m²)
ΔP = change in pressure
ΔV = change in volume
V = original volume
SURFACE TENSION (σ)
Tendency of a liquid surface to resist external force (N/m).
Pressure inside the droplet of liquid.
Pressure inside the soap bubble.
Where:
p = excess pressure inside the droplet (N/m² or Pa)
σ = surface tension of the liquid (N/m)
d = diameter of the droplet (m)
CAPILLARITY/CAPILLARITY
ACTION
Rise or fall of liquid in a narrow tube due to adhesion and cohesion
forces.
Where:
capillary rise (or depression) (m)
surface tension of liquid (N/m)
angle of contact (0° for water, 140° for mercury)
density of liquid (kg/m³)
g = gravitational acceleration (9.81 m/s²)
radius of the capillary tube (m)
ΔP
SAMPLE PROBLEMS Eb =−
ΔV
V
Problem 1: Find the bulk
modulus of elasticity of a
liquid if a pressure of 1
MPa applied to 0.40 m³ of 6
the liquid causes a 1 x 10
Where: Eb =−
volume reduction of 630 0.000630
Eb = bulk modulus (Pa or
cm³.
N/m²) 0.40
ΔP = change in pressure
ΔV = change in volume
Eb =6 35 𝑀𝑃𝑎
V = original volume
SAMPLE PROBLEMS
Problem 2: Room whose
dimensions are 2 m x 4 m x 6 m at
100 kPa and 25°C. Use R(air) =
0.287 kPa-m³/kg-K.
1.
Determine the following:
1. mass of the air
𝑚=56 . 1𝑘𝑔
2. Density
2 ( 100 )
3. specific gravity
𝑃 𝜌=
𝜌= (0 . 287 )( 298 . 15 )
𝑅𝑇 𝑘𝑔
𝜌 =1 . 17 3
Given: 𝑚
SAMPLE PROBLEMS
Problem 2: Room whose
dimensions are 2 m x 4 m x 6 m at
100 kPa and 25°C. Use R(air) =
0.287 kPa-m³/kg-K.
3.
Determine the following: 𝜌 𝑎𝑖𝑟
𝑆𝑔=
1. mass of the air 𝜌 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟
2. Density 3.
3. specific gravity
SAMPLE PROBLEMS 𝑊 1.
Problem 3: If 6 m of soil weights 𝛾=
47 N
𝑉
Calculate its specific weight.
Calculate its density.
Calculate its specific gravity. 𝑚 𝛾
𝜌 ρ= ρ=
𝑆𝑔= 𝑉 𝑔
𝜌 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟
2. 2.
3.
𝑆𝑔=0 . 000799
SAMPLE PROBLEMS
Problem 4: Determine the
unit weight of dry air at 6℃ 𝛾=𝜌 𝑔
and at 93 kPa absolute. R =
287 J/kg-K. 𝛾=1 .163 (9 . 81)
𝑇 ( 𝐾 )=𝑇 ( 𝐶 ) +273 . 15
𝑁
𝑇 =6 +273 . 15=279 .15 𝐾 𝛾 =11 . 39 3
𝑚
93 𝑥 1000
𝑃 𝜌=
𝜌= 287(279 . 15)
𝑅𝑇
𝑘𝑔
𝜌 =1 .163 3
𝑚
SAMPLE PROBLEMS
Problem 5: A light oil has a
dynamic viscosity of 0.25 Pa
and a specific gravity of 0.85.
Find the kinematic viscosity
of the oil in m²/s.
μ ν = 0.25
𝜌=𝑆𝑔 (𝜌 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 ) 𝜌 =0.85 (1000) ν = ρ 850
𝑘𝑔 2
𝑚
𝜌 =850 3 ν= 0 .0002941
𝑚 𝑠
SAMPLE PROBLEMS
Problem 6: Estimate the
height to which water at
20°C will rise in the capillary
tube at radius 1.5 mm.
Surface tension of water at
20°C is equal to 0.0728 N/m.
4 σcosθ
h=
γd
2 𝜎 cosθ h= 2(0 . 0728) cos (0)
h= h=0 . 0099159 𝑚
𝜌 𝑔𝑟 998 .2 (9 . 81) ¿ ¿
′
h =9 . 92 𝑚𝑚
𝐽 𝑢𝑟𝑖 𝑛 𝑠 𝐿𝑎𝑤 𝐹𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑢𝑙𝑎
SAMPLE PROBLEMS
Problem 7: A spherical
water droplet of diameter 2
mm is suspended in air at 20
°C. The surface tension of
water is 0.072 N/m. Find the
excess pressure inside the
droplet due to surface
tension.
4σ 4 ( 0.072 )
p= 𝑝=
d 0.002
𝑁
𝜌 =144 2
𝑚
SAMPLE PROBLEMS 4 σcosθ 𝛾
Problem 8: Calculate the h= ρ=
approximate depression of
γd 𝑔
mercury at 20°C in a
capillary tube of radius of 1.5 2 𝜎 cosθ
h=
mm. Surface tension for 𝜌 𝑔𝑟
mercury is 0.514 N/m at
20°C and its specific weight
is 133.1kN/m3. 2 𝜎 cosθ
h=
𝛾
𝑔𝑟
𝑔
2∗ 0.514 cos( 140)
h=
h=− 0.00394 𝑚 133.1(0.0015)
Pressure
Pressure is defined as the force applied perpendicularly to a
surface divided by the unit area over which the force is
distributed. This means that for the same applied force, a
smaller area will result in greater pressure.
Unit Pressure
1. Variations in Pressure
2. Pressure below the layers
3. Atmospheric Pressure
Under Normal conditions at sea level Patm = 2166
lb/ft2
= 14.7 psi
= 29.9 inches of mercury (Hg)
= 760 mm Hg
= 101. 325 kPa
Absolute Pressure
Absolute pressure is the total pressure
exerted on a system measured relative to a
perfect vacuum (zero pressure reference).
Mercury Barometer
Weight of atmosphere forces mercury (Hg) up a
calibrated glass tube. Higher elevations yield lower
readings.
Aneroid Barometer
A partially evacuated metal drum that expands or
contracts in response to changes in air pressure.
Manometer
A tube usually bent in the form of a U containing a
liquid of known specific gravity, the surface of which
moves proportionally to changes in pressure.
Types of Manometers:
Open Type
It has an atmospheric surface on one leg
and can measure gage pressures.
Differential Type Without an atmospheric
surface and capable of measuring only
differences in pressure.
Piezometer
Simplest form of open manometer. A tube
tapped into a wall of a container or conduit
for the purpose of measuring pressure.
Problem 9: The unit weight of a liquid is
variable and is given by the relations , where
γ is in kN/m³ and h is the depth of the liquid
from the free surface in m, determining the
gauge pressure in kPa at a depth of 5 m.
γ =10+ 0.5 h
The gauge pressure (P) at a
certain depth (h) in a liquid
with a variable unit weight is
found by integrating the unit
weight over the depth.
Problem 10: The absolute pressure in a gas
tank is 2.85 atmospheres, obtain the
pressure head in the meters of water for
each gage pressure.
Problem 11: A manometer is attached to
a conduit as shown. What is the pressure at A
in kilopascal given the following? Specific
gravity of liquid B is equal to 10 and H is
equal to 150 mm.
Problem 12: An open tank contains a liquid 5 meter
deep of unit weight of 7 kN/m³. Water is poured over
the liquid, and the total depth of both liquids is 8
meters. Obtain the gage pressure in kilopascal at the
bottom of the tank.
Problem 13: A mercury barometer at the Gulf of
Albay reads 760 mm. At the same time, another
barometer at the top of Mt. Mayon reads 538 mm.
Assuming that the unit weight of air to be constant at
12 N/m³, evaluate the approximate height of the Mt.
Mayon in meters from these barometric readings.
Problem 14: Liquids A, B, and C are contained in the
tank as shown. Each liquid has a specific gravity of
0.80, shown what is the pressure in kPa on the bottom
of the tank? At what elevation will the liquid stand in
each of the piezometer tubes?
Problem 12: An open tank contains a liquid 5 meter
deep of unit weight of 7 kN/m³. Water is poured over
the liquid, and the total depth of both liquids is 8
meters. Obtain the gage pressure in kilopascal at the
bottom of the tank.
