:Discipline

SUBJECT

and Ideas in the

Applied Social
Sciences
Social Sciences and
Applied Social
Sciences;
Disciplines of
Counseling
 Key Difference
Aspect DISS DIASS
Theoretical and Practical application
Focus academic of social science
understanding. knowledge.
Explains and
Solves real-world
Approach interprets
issues and problems.
phenomena.
To develop applied
To build foundational
Purpose skills for specific
knowledge.
professions.
Sociology, Counseling, Social
Examples of
Anthropology, Work,
Disciplines
Political Science. Communication.
Social Sciences or simply called pure social
sciences is defined as a branch of science
which deals with the study of society and the
relationship of individuals to their environment.
It has many branches which include:
Anthropology, Economics, Geography, History,
Linguistics, Political Science, Psychology,
Sociology, and Demography.
Anthropology refers to the study of humans. As a social
science discipline, it examines all aspects of human life
and culture. It seeks to understand human origins and
adaptation, and the diversity of cultures and worldviews.

Economics studies the production, distribution,

exchange, and consumption of goods and services. It
deals with the optimum allocation of scarce resources
among its alternatives to satisfy the unlimited human
wants and needs of the people.
Geography is the science of place. It is the social
science that studies the distribution and arrangement of
all elements of the earth’s surface. Geography studies not
only the surface of the earth but also the location and
distribution of its physical as well as cultural features, the
patterns that they form, and the interrelation of these
things as they affect people.
History is a study of the past, principally how it relates to
humans. It describes or narrates and analyzes human
activities in the past and the changes that these had
undergone. In its broadest sense, history is the totality of
all past events.
Linguistics is the scientific study of language and its
structure. It involves the description of languages, the
investigation of their origin, the inquiry of how children
acquire language, and how individuals learn languages
other than their own. Linguistics also deals with the
relationships between or among languages and with the
manner languages change over time.
Political science is a social science discipline that
studies systems of government, and the analysis of
political activity and behavior. It is the systematic study of
politics.
Psychology is the scientific study of behavior and mental
processes. It is “the scientific study of behavior and the
mind.” These cannot actually be seen, only inferred from
observable behavior.” The term psychology comes from
two Greek words: ‘psyche,’ which means “breath, spirit, or
soul,” and ‘logos,’ 'the study of.'
Sociology is the scientific study of human social relations
or group life. It primarily deals with social interaction or
the responses of persons to each other.
Demography is the interdisciplinary study of the
size, growth, and distribution of human
populations. It examines statistics such as births,
deaths, income, or the incidence of disease, which
illustrate the changing structure of human
populations. Main areas of inquiry include human
population dynamics and human population
change. It also involves the study of the structure
of populations and how populations change over
time due to births, deaths, migration, and aging.
Applied Social Sciences also called as
practical social sciences are social
sciences that apply social scientific
theories and knowledge from social
sciences to the physical environment or
society.
Three disciplines under
Applied Social Sciences,
namely: Counseling, Social
Work, and Communication.
COUNSELING
• Counseling comes from the Latin word
“Consilium” meaning plan, council, wisdom and
advice. Counseling is a profession and a helping
relationship that facilitates the development of
individuals, groups and families that are based
on the principle of empowerment that helps
achieve personal, social, educational and career
development.
People who use Counseling in their work
A list of professionals who used counseling in their work are
the following:
Counseling / Clinical Psychologists
Welfare Workers
Teachers
Nurses, Health visitors, and midwives
Occupational and speech therapists
Social workers
Physiotherapists
Ministers of Religion
Voluntary and Youth workers
GOALS OF COUNSELING

• Facilitate change of behavior - counseling

has specific goals, this specific goal will help
both of the client and the counselor
understand what specific change of behavior
is desired.
GOALS OF COUNSELING

b. Promote decision making - this enables individual

make critical decisions but not to decide which decisions
the clients should make to acquire understanding not
only of their abilities, opportunities, and interests but
also their emotions, behavior, and attitudes that could
interfere their choices and decisions.
GOALS OF COUNSELING

• C. Enhance coping skills and adjustment - There

are a lot of pressures in life that a person will face in
his/her lifetime. It is the goal of counseling to empower
individuals that can enhance coping skills and
adjustment to be able to adapt and survive in this
complex society we are living.
GOALS OF COUNSELING

• . D. Improve relationship skills - Many people go to a

counselor because of poor self-esteem or inadequate
social skills, some of them might be bullied by classmates,
and it is the goal of counseling to help the client improve
the quality of life by becoming more effective in teaching
life skills and interpersonal skills to improve relationships.
GOALS OF COUNSELING

• E. Facilitate counselee or client potential - one of the counseling

goals is to help an individual maximize his freedom and seek
individual’s effectiveness by giving him or her control over his
environment and/or overcome. Counselors are working with people with
excessive smoking, depression, and aggression they help them to take
care better of their clients holistically: physical, psychological and
spiritual.
 In summary, it is the ultimate goal of
counseling to help individuals realize
their full potential or become self-
actualized, maintain an adequate level
of development and encourage them
to verbalize an unexpressed feeling.
Scope of Counseling
Since all professions have scopes and
limitations, counseling also a profession
has a scope which will be based on the
law which regulates its practice. This
practice may be done individually, by the
group and in the community by the
provision of the law.
1. Individual Counseling
Identity problems, relationships, anxiety,
depression, family problems, behavior
management, gender (identity and sexuality),
grief/bereavement,
relationships, sexual abuse recovery, workplace
stress and relationships, drug abuse, eating
disorders, HIV, spirituality, status and middle age
syndrome.
2. Marital and Pre-marital Counseling
Marital and relationship dynamics, Relationship and
fertility issues
3. Family Counseling
Children and adult behaviors,
divorce/annulment and separation problems and
adjustments, family problems, life stages,
transitions, parenting and remarriage relationship
counseling.
Principles of
Counseling
oShare a quote by Carl
Rogers on empathy. Ask:
“What does this mean in the
context of counseling?”
Quote by Carl Rogers on Empathy:
"Empathy is the ability to enter the
world of the other without prejudice. It
means to sense the hurt or the pleasure
of another as he senses it and to
perceive the causes thereof as he
perceives them." — Carl Rogers
There are principles of counseling that
should be observed in a counseling
relationship and process. These basic
principles are essential requirements
for the counseling relationship to be
efficient and to achieve its goals. The
basic principles are the following:
[Link] skills - This is the number one skill
that a counselor should always consider in a
counseling process. When listening attentively
to the client to show that we are interested and
we respect him/her whatever situation he/she
have right now. This will result in emphatic
understanding and can exploit develop a
positive and healthy interaction with the client.
b. Resistance - human behavior is very
complex, and people respond to things
differently. It is important for counselors not
to take client’s resistance personally since
some resistance to therapeutic change is
natural.
c. Respect - Counselor should have respect for his/her
client no matter how weird, strange, peculiar, different the
customer is with you. A counselor should be neutral and
must be objective no matter what. There are times that the
counselor do not like the customer, in that case, a
counselor must put away personal feelings and treat the
client with respect. A counselor should always see
him/herself on the client’s situation, trying to put his shoe
on the shoes of his/her client.
d. Empathy or Unconditional Positive Regard - This is
based on the writings of Carl Rogers, these two principles
go along with particular and effective listening skills.
Empathy requires listening and understanding client’s
feeling and their perspective. This principle should be part
of the counselor’s characteristics since the success of
counselee-counselor relationship will depend on the
quality of rapport built along the process.
e. Clarification, confrontation, and interpretation - These
principles are techniques of therapeutic intervention that are
advanced. Clarification is an attempt by the therapist to restate what
the client is either saying or feeling so the client may learn something
or understand the issue better. Confrontation is a skill that can assist
clients to increase their self-awareness that can be used to highlight
discrepancies that clients have been previously unaware of while
interpretation is when the counselor tries to interpret the
client’s situation based on noting and reflection of their story.
e. Transference and Counter-transference -
a process somewhat related to projection. It is
important to understand transference reactions
for this help the client gain more understanding
of important aspects of their emotional life.
Counter-transference refers to the emotional
and perceptional reactions the counselor has
towards the client.
 Glossary

The following terms used in this module are defined as follows:

 Anthropology - refers to the study of humans.

 Applied Social Sciences - also called as practical social sciences are
social sciences that apply social scientific theories and knowledge from
social sciences to the physical environment or society
 Clarification - to make understandable
 Confrontation - the act of confronting
 Counselee - one who is being counseled
 Counseling - is a process which helps the client clarify and address
problems.
 Counselor - a person who gives advice or counseling
 Countertransference - the complex of feelings of a psychotherapist toward
the patient
Demography - the interdisciplinary study of the size,
growth, and distribution of human populations.
Economics - studies the production, distribution,
exchange, and consumption of goods and services.
Empathy - refers to the ability to relate to another
person’s pain vicariously, as if one has experienced
that pain themselves
Family Counseling - this help children and families
who need help how to resolve family issues
Geography - the science of place.
History - study of the past, principally how it relates to
humans.
 Individual Counseling - one-on-one counseling
 Interpretation - the act or the result of interpreting
 Linguistics - the scientific study of language and its structure.
 Marital Counseling - also called as couples’ therapy
 Politicalscience - a social science discipline that
studies systems of government, and the analysis of political
activity and behavior.
 Pre-marital Counseling - type of therapy that helps
couples prepare for marriage.
 Psychology - the scientific study of behavior and mental
processes.
 Resistance - a means of resisting
 Social Sciences - simply called as pure social sciences is
defined as a branch of science which deals with the study of
society and the relationship of individuals to their environment.
 Sociology - the scientific study of human social relations or
group life.
 Transference - the redirection of feelings and desires and
especially of those unconsciously retained from childhood
toward a new object (such as a psychoanalyst conducting
therapy)
 Unconditional Positive Regard - is a technique that involves
showing complete support and acceptance of psychotherapy
clients.
GET ½ SHEET OF
PAPER
 Task 1: EMPOWER ME!
PERFORMANCE TASK

1. In our discussion on counseling goals, counseling aims to empower the

client by helping him/her to change his/her behavior, make wise decisions in
life, ability to cope to his/her environment and improve relationship skills.
What do you think about this statement? Do you accept or support it?
How will it empower you? Explain your answer.
2. If you will be given the chance to be one of the practitioners of counseling,
how are you going to assist individuals, groups, or communities involved in
difficult situations like post-disaster, court hearing about separation of
celebrity couple and cyber bullying?
Show through writing your understanding of the basic concepts
of counseling and apply it to only one situation stated above.