Presented by

BEHZAD ZAHID
Operations Engineer-Core
 To Understand the OSPF as Dynamic Routing
Protocol
 Basic Configuration of OSPF on Cisco Routers
and Troubleshooting
 Prerequisite
 OSI Model
 Basics of Routing
 OSPF
◦ Understanding of OSPF
◦ Neighbor Establishment Stages
◦ LSP Types and its Propagation
 Configuring OSPF on Cisco Routers
 Trouble Shooting OSPF
 Understanding of OSI Model
◦ Transformation from Data to Bits
◦ Significance of Each Layer
 Understanding of Routing and Routing table
 Routing is a way to get one packet from one
destination to the next
 A router creates or maintains a table of the
available routes.
 Path Determination
 Static routing is simply the process of
manually entering routes into a device's
routing table.
 Static routing is the simplest form of routing,
but it is a manual process.
 Disadvantage:
◦ Not scalable
 Routing device (the router) dynamically learn
network destinations and how to get to them
and also advertise those destinations to other
routers.
 Dynamic routing is assisted by routing
protocols.
 Exterior Gateway Protocol
◦ Border Gateway Protocol
 For Large Internetworks
 Interior Gateway Protocol
◦ Distance Vector
 RIP
◦ Link State
 OSPF
 ISIS
◦ Hybrid
 EIGRP
 Open Shortest Path First (OSPF) is a routing
protocol for Internet Protocol (IP) networks.
 It uses a link state routing algorithm and falls
into the group of interior routing
protocols(IGP), operating within a single
autonomous system (AS).
 Area
◦ A contiguous grouping of routers and router
interfaces.
◦ Normal Areas:
 Summary LSAs from other areas are injected
 External LSAs are injected
◦ Stub Areas:
 Summary LSAs from other areas are injected
 The default route is injected as a summary route
 External LSAs are not injected.
◦ Totally Stubby Areas:
 No summary LSAs are allowed
 No external LSAs are allowed
 The default route is injected as a summary route.
◦ Not-So-Stubby Areas:
 Type 7 LSAs carry external information within an NSSA
 Type 7 LSAs are converted into Type 5 LSAs at the
NSSA ABR
 No external LSA are allowed, Summary LSAs are
injected
 Types of Routers in OSPF
◦ Internal routers: Routers that have all their
interfaces in the same area and have identical
LSDBs.
◦ Backbone routers: Routers having at least one
interface connected to area 0.
◦ ABRs: Routers that have interfaces attached to
multiple areas.
◦ ASBRs: Routers that have at least one interface
attached to an external internetwork (another AS),
such as a non‐OSPF network.
◦ Designated Router
 On Multiaccess data links , an ospf
router elected by the routers on that data
link to perform special functions (e.g
generation of LSAs representing the
subnet)
◦ Backup Designated Router
 A router on Multiaccess data link that
becomes prepared to take over for the
DR, should the DR fail.
 OSPF Packet Types:
◦ Hello Message
 To form neighbor-ship
◦ Data Base Descriptor
 Has LSA headers (LSID and Seq No)
◦ Link State Request
 I need complete info of this Network
◦ Link State Advertisement
 Info of asked Network
◦ Link State Update
 Set of LSAs
◦ Link State Acknowledgement
 OSPF Cost
◦ Cost is used to find best router
◦ OSPF Metric :
Cost = 100/ BW in MBPS

T1  65
E1  48
Ethernet  10
Fast Ethernet  1
Gigabit Ethernet  1
 Hello Interval
◦ Interval at which a router sends OSPF Hello
messages on an interface. (10ms for Broadcast)
 Dear Interval
◦ Timer use to determine neighboring router has
failed. (40ms for Broadcast)
 Update Destination Address
◦ Normally sent to [Link]
◦ All designated Routers [Link]
 Neighbor Discovery and Forming Neighbor
Relationship
◦ Sending Hellos Message
 Exchanging Topology Database
◦ Exchanging DBDs, LSRs, LSUs
 Route Computation
◦ SPF
 Router ID (must be unique [Link] )
 Hello and Dead Timers * (10ms and 40ms)
 Network Mask *
 Area ID * (e.g Area 1)
 List of neighbors
 Router Priority
 DR/BDR IP address
 Authentication Password *
 Determine Your Router ID
◦ Hard coded
◦ Highest loopback IP
◦ Highest Interface IP
 Add interfaces to the Link State Database
(dictated by Network Command)
 Exchange hello Messages
 Topology Exchange
◦ Master/Slave Relation
 OSPF LSA Types:
◦ LSA Type 1 : Router LSA
◦ LSA Type 2 : Network LSA (DR Generated)
◦ LSA Type 3 : ABR Summary (ABR Generated)
◦ LSA Type 4 : ASBR Location (ABR Generated)
◦ LSA Type 5 : External LSA (ASBR Generated)
◦ LSA Type 7 : NSSA External LSA
 Router LSA
◦ Each router creates its own type 1 LSA to represent
itself for each area to which it connects.
◦ To flood the LSA, the originating router sends it to
its neighbor inside the same area, who in turn to
their neighbors.
◦ It lists :
 Router interface subnet mask and interface ospf cost
(stub network- no DR Elected Interface)
 IP address of DR (Transit Network- DR elected
interface)
 Neighbors Router ID (no DR elected interface)
◦ OSPF identifies Type 1 LSA using a 32bit LSID.
◦ Each router uses its own OSPF router ID value as the
LSID for Type 1 LSA.
 R5’s type 1 LSA will list these three interfaces
as links, plus it will refer to the two working
neighbors.
 SPF requires that the LSDB model the
topology with nodes (routers) and
connections between nodes (Links).
 OSPF can model all the topology inside a
single area using TYPE 1 and TYPE 2 LSAs.
 Analyze the LSDB to find all possible routes to
reach the subnet
 For each possible route, add the ospf
interface cost for all outgoing interfaces in
that route
 Pick the route with the lowest cost
 router ospf process-id
 Configure an OSPF routing process and
enter router configuration mode.

router-id [X.X.X.X]
 To use a fixed router ID, use the above command in
router configuration mode.

network [ip-address ][wildcard-mask] area

[area-id]
 To define the interfaces on which OSPF runs and to
define the area ID for those interfaces, use the
network area command in router configuration mode.
 show ip ospf [process-id]
 To display general information about OSPF
routing processes

show ip ospf neighbor

 To display OSPF-neighbor information.
 show ip ospf interface [interface-type
interface-number]
 To display OSPF-related interface
information.

show ip ospf [process-id [area-id]] database

 To display lists of information related to the
OSPF database for a specific router
 Routing
 OSPF as Dynamic Routing Protocol
◦ Neighbor Forming
◦ LSAs Flooding
◦ Finding Best Routes
 Configuring and Troubleshooting OSPF
 CCNP Route 642-902 Certification Guide
 CCNA Exploration Companion Guide
◦ Network Fundamentals