JAVA Applets
Applets and applications
An applet is a Java program that runs on a web page
Applets can be run within any modern browser To run modern Java applets, old browsers need an up-to-date Java plugin appletviewer is a program that can run java applets.
Packages and classes
Java supplies a huge library of pre-written code, ready for you to use in your programs Code is organized into classes Classes are grouped into packages One way to use this code is to import it You can import a single class, or all the classes in a package
The Applet class
To create an applet, you must import the Applet class
This class is in the java.applet package
The Applet class contains code that works with a browser to create a display window Capitalization matters!
applet and Applet are different names
Importing the Applet class
Here is the directive that you need:
import java.applet.Applet;
The java.awt package
awt stands for Abstract Window Toolkit The java.awt package includes classes for:
Drawing lines and shapes Drawing letters Setting colors Choosing fonts
If its drawn on the screen, then java.awt is probably involved!
Importing the java.awt package
Since you may want to use many classes from the java.awt package, simply import them all:
import java.awt.*;
The asterisk, or star (*), means all classes The import directives can go in any order, but must be the first lines in your program
The applet so far
import java.applet.Applet; import java.awt.*;
Your applet class
public class Drawing extends Applet { } Drawing is the name of your class
Class names should always be capitalized
extends Applet says that our Drawing is a kind of Applet, but with added capabilities
Javas Applet just makes an empty window We are going to draw in that window
The only way to make an applet is to extend Applet
The applet so far
import java.applet.Applet; import java.awt.*; public class Drawing extends Applet { we still need to put some code in here... }
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The paint method
Our applet is going to have a method to paint some colored rectangles on the screen This method must be named paint paint needs to be told where on the screen it can draw
This will be the only parameter it needs
paint doesnt return any result
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The paint method, part 2
public void paint(Graphics g) { }
public says that anyone can use this method void says that it does not return a result
A Graphics (short for Graphics context) is an object that holds information about a painting
It remembers what color you are using It remembers what font you are using You can paint on it (but it doesnt remember what you have painted)
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The applet so far
import java.applet.Applet; import java.awt.*; // CIT 591 example public class Drawing extends Applet { public void paint(Graphics g) { we still need to put some code in here } }
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Colors
The java.awt package defines a class named Color There are 13 predefined colorshere are their fullyqualified names:
Color.PINK Color.RED Color.ORANGE Color.YELLOW Color.MAGENTA Color.GREEN Color.CYAN Color.BLUE
Color.BLACK Color.DARK_GRAY Color.GRAY Color.LIGHT_GRAY Color.WHITE
For compatibility with older programs (before the naming conventions were established), Java also allows color names in lowercase: Color.black, Color.darkGray, etc.
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New colors
Every color is a mix of red, green, and blue You can make your own colors: new Color( red , green , blue ) Amounts range from 0 to 255 Black is (0, 0, 0), white is (255, 255, 255) Yellow is red + green, or (255, 255, 0)
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Using Colors
Color Constructors
Color(int red, int green, int blue) Color(int rgb) Color(float r, float g, float b)
import java.applet.Applet; import java.awt.Color; import java.awt.Graphics; /* <applet code="BlueString" width=300 height=100> </applet> */ public class BlueString extends Applet {
static int HSBtoRGB(float h, float s, float b) static float[] RGBtoHSB(int r, int g, int b, float hsb[]) Color brighter() Color darker() static Color decode(String str) throws NumberFormatExcepti on boolean equals(Object obj) int getBlue() int getGreen() int getRGB() int getRed()
public void paint(Graphics g) { g.setColor(Color.blue); g.drawString("Blue String", 100, 50); }
http://java.sun.com/javase/6/docs/api/java/awt/Color.html
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Setting a color
To use a color, we tell our Graphics g what color we want: g.setColor(Color.RED); g will remember this color and use it for everything until we tell it some different color
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The paint method so far
public void paint(Graphics g) { g.setColor(Color.BLUE); draw a rectangle g.setColor(Color.RED); draw another rectangle } }
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Pixels
A pixel is a picture (pix) element
one pixel is one dot on your screen there are typically 72 to 90 pixels per inch
java.awt measures everything in pixels
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Javas coordinate system
(0, 0) (0, 20) (50, 0) (50, 20)
(w-1, h-1)
Java uses an (x, y) coordinate system (0, 0) is the top left corner (50, 0) is 50 pixels to the right of (0, 0) (0, 20) is 20 pixels down from (0, 0) (w - 1, h - 1) is just inside the bottom right corner, where w is the width of the window and h is its height
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Drawing rectangles
There are two ways to draw rectangles: g.drawRect( left , top , width , height );
g.fillRect(left , top , width , height );
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The complete applet
import java.applet.Applet; import java.awt.*; // CIT 591 example public class Drawing extends Applet {
public void paint(Graphics g) {
g.setColor(Color.BLUE); g.fillRect(20, 20, 50, 30); g.setColor(Color.RED); g.fillRect(50, 30, 50, 30); } }
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Some more java.awt methods
g.drawLine( x1 , y1 , x2 , y2 ); g.drawOval( left , top , width , height ); g.fillOval( left , top , width , height ); g.drawRoundRect( left , top , width , height ); g.fillRoundRect( left , top , width , height ); g.drawArc( left , top , width , height , startAngle , arcAngle ); g.drawString( string , x , y );
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The Graphics Class
Methods of Graphics Class
abstract void drawArc(int x, int y, int w, int h, int degreesO, i nt degrees1) abstract boolean drawImage(Image img, int x, int y, Image Observer io) abstract void drawLine(int x0, int y0, int x, int y1) abstract void drawOval(int x, int y, int w, int h) abstract void drawPolygon(int x[], int u[], int n) abstract void drawPolyline(int x[], int y[], int n) void drawRect(int x, int y, int w, int h) abstract void drawString(String str, int x, int y) abstract void fillArc(int x, int y, int w, int h, int degree0, int degree1) abstract void fillOval(int x ,int y, int w, int h) abstract void fillPolygon(int x[], int y[], int n) void fillRect(int x, int y, int w, int h) abstract Color getColor() abstract Font getFont() abstract FontMetrics getFontMetrics() abstract void setColor(Color c) abstract void setFont(Font f)
import java.applet.Applet; import java.awt.Graphics; /* <applet code="DrawArc" width=200 height=200> </applet> */ pulic class DrawArc extends Applet { public void paint(Graphics g) { g.drawArc(20, 20, 160, 160, 0, 135); }
http://java.sun.com/javase/6/docs/api/java/awt/Graphics.html
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Displaying Text
Font Constructor
Font(String name, int style, int ps)
setFont() Method
abstract void setFont(Font font)
FontMetrics Constructor
FontMetrics(Font font)
http://java.sun.com/javase/6/docs/api/java/awt/Font.html
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Using Applet Dimensions
getSize() Method
Dimension getSize()
Dimension Constructors
Dimension() Dimension(Dimension d) Dimension(int w, int h)
http://java.sun.com/javase/6/docs/api/java/awt/Dimension.html
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Using Applets in a Web Page
Applet HTML Tag
<applet [codebase=url] [alt=text] [name=appName] width=wpixels height=hpixels [align=alignment] [vspace=vspixels] [hspace=hspixels] > [<param name=pname1 value=value1>] [<param name=pname2 value=value2>] . [<param name=pnameN value=valueN>] </applet>
import java.applet.*; import java.awt.*; /* <applet code="AppletParameters" width=300 height=300> <param name="background" value="0xffffff"> <param name="foreground" value="0x000000"> <param name="message" value="Testing Applet Parameters"> </applet> */ public class AppletParameters extends Applet { public void paint(Graphics g) { String background = getParameter("background"); String foreground = getParameter("foreground"); String message = getParameter("message"); setBackground(Color.decode(background)); setForeground(Color.decode(foreground)); Font font = getFont(); FontMetrics fm = getFontMetrics(font); Dimension d = getSize(); int x = (d.width - fm.stringWidth(message)) / 2; int y = d.height / 2; g.drawString(message, x, y); }
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The Applet Class
java.lang.Object java.awt.Component java.awt.Container java.awt.Panel java.applet.Applet Applet and its superclasses
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} import java.applet.*; import java.awt.*; /* <applet code="BackgroundForeground" width=200 height=200> </applet> */ public class BackgroundForeground extends Applet { public void paint(Graphics g) { setBackground(Color.yellow); setForeground(Color.blue); g.drawLine(0, 0, 200, 200); g.fillRect(100, 40, 50, 50); }
The Life Cycle of an Applet
import java.applet.Applet; import java.awt.Graphics; /* <applet code="AppletLifecycle" width=300 height=50> </applet> */ public class AppletLifecycle extends Applet { String str = ""; public void init() { str += "init; "; } public void start() { str += "start; "; } public void stop() { str += "stop; "; } public void destroy() { System.out.println("destroy"); } public void paint(Graphics g) { g.drawString(str, 10, 25); }
init() : called only when the applet begins execution. start() : executed after init() method. Called by the applet viewer or Web browser. stop() : when applet viewer is minimized. destroy() : called by the applet viewer or Web browser before the applet is terminated.
Action /Event Listeners
Now that you know how to display things on screen you need a way to responds to the user actions. This is done with the EventListeners. An Event is a user interaction. Reacting on GUI cmponents is done by adding ActionListeners: MouseListener MouseMotionListener KeyboardListener (but it is not a common class you will use.)
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Thank you!
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