无约束条件的变分
固定端点时间,固定端点状态的无约束条件变分问题
考虑泛函为J[x(t)]=∫t0tfL[x(t),x˙(t),t] dtJ[x(t)]=\int_{t_{0}}^{t_{f}} L[x(t),\dot{x}(t),t] \,dtJ[x(t)]=∫t0tfL[x(t),x˙(t),t]dt其中x(t)x(t)x(t)在t∈[t0,tf]t\in [t_{0},t_{f}]t∈[t0,tf]上连续,L[x(t),x˙(t),t]L[x(t),\dot{x}(t),t]L[x(t),x˙(t),t]连续,二阶可微,求使J[x(t)]J[x(t)]J[x(t)]取得极值,且满足给定的边界条件:x(t0)=x0,x(tf)=xfx(t_{0})=x_{0},x(t_{f})=x_{f}x(t0)=x0,x(tf)=xf的函数x∗(t)x^{*}(t)x∗(t)。
求解:要求得极值曲线x∗(t)x^{*}(t)x∗(t)必有δJ[x∗(t)]=0\delta J[x^{*}(t)]=0δJ[x∗(t)]=0 根据上面求极值的方法一,可知就是分别对JJJ 分别求x(t),x˙(t)x(t),\dot{x}(t)x(t),x˙(t)的导数。
δJ[x(t)]=∫t0tf{ ϑL[x(t),x˙(t),t]ϑx(t)δx(t)+ϑL[x(t),x˙(t),t]ϑx˙(t)δx˙(t)} dt\delta J[x(t)]=\int_{t_{0}}^{t_{f}} \{\frac{\vartheta L[x(t),\dot{x}(t),t]}{\vartheta x(t)}\delta x(t)+\frac{\vartheta L[x(t),\dot{x}(t),t]}{\vartheta \dot{x}(t)}\delta \dot{x}(t) \} \,dtδJ[x(t)]=∫t0tf{ ϑx(t)ϑL[x(t),x˙(t),t]δx(t)+ϑx˙(t)ϑL[x(t),x˙(t),t]δx˙(t)}dt
简写为:δJ=∫t0tf(ϑLϑxδx+ϑLϑx˙δx˙) dt\delta J =\int_{t_{0}}^{t_{f}} (\frac{\vartheta L}{\vartheta x} \delta x+\frac{\vartheta L}{\vartheta \dot{x}}\delta \dot{x}) \,dtδJ=∫t0tf(ϑxϑLδx+ϑx˙ϑLδx˙)dt
右边第二项:∫t0tfϑLϑx˙δx˙ dt=∫t0tfϑLϑx˙δ dx=∫t0tfϑLϑx˙ d(δx)\int_{t_{0}}^{t_{f}} \frac{\vartheta L}{\vartheta \dot{x}}\delta \dot{x} \,dt =\int_{t_{0}}^{t_{f}} \frac{\vartheta L}{\vartheta \dot{x}}\delta \,dx=\int_{t_{0}}^{t_{f}} \frac{\vartheta L}{\vartheta \dot{x}} \,d(\delta x)∫t0tfϑx˙ϑLδx˙dt=∫t0tfϑx˙ϑLδdx=∫t0tfϑx˙ϑL