JavaScript编写规范-CSDN博客

本文链接：https://blog.csdn.net/ASHIYI66/article/details/136060893

JavaScript编写规范

JavaScript编写规范

JavaScript编写规范

黄金定律：永远遵循同一套编码规范 —— 可以参考其他规范，也可以是自己总结制定的。不管有多少人共同参与同一项目，一定要确保每一行代码都像是同一个人编写的。

变量

使用有意义，可读性好的变量名

// Bad
var yyyymmdstr = moment().format('YYYY/MM/DD');

// Good
var yearMonthDay = moment().format('YYYY/MM/DD');

使用const定义常量

// Bad
var FIRST_US_PRESIDENT = "George Washington";

// Good
const FIRST_US_PRESIDENT = "George Washington";

功能类似的变量名采用统一的命名风格

// Bad
getUserInfo();
getClientData();
getCustomerRecord();

// Good
getUser();

使用易于检索的名称

我们需要阅读的代码远比自己写的要多，使代码拥有良好的可读性且易于检索非常重要。

// Bad
// 525600 是什么?
for (var i = 0; i < 525600; i++) {
  runCronJob();
}

// Good
// Declare them as capitalized `var` globals.
var MINUTES_IN_A_YEAR = 525600;
for (var i = 0; i < MINUTES_IN_A_YEAR; i++) {
  runCronJob();
}

使用说明变量

// Bad
const ADDRESS = 'One Infinite Loop, Cupertino 95014';
const cityStateRegex = /^(.+)[,\\s]+(.+?)\s*(\d{5})?$/;
saveCityState(ADDRESS.match(cityStateRegex)[1], ADDRESS.match(cityStateRegex)[2]);

// Good
const ADDRESS = 'One Infinite Loop, Cupertino 95014';
var cityStateRegex = /^(.+)[,\\s]+(.+?)\s*(\d{5})?$/;
var match = ADDRESS.match(cityStateRegex)
var city = match[1];
var state = match[2];
saveCityState(city, state);

不要过于晦涩

显式优于隐式

// Bad
var locations = ['Austin', 'New York', 'San Francisco'];
locations.forEach((l) => {
  doStuff();
  doSomeOtherStuff();
  ...
  ...
  ...
  // l是什么？
  dispatch(l);
});

// Good
var locations = ['Austin', 'New York', 'San Francisco'];
locations.forEach((location) => {
  doStuff();
  doSomeOtherStuff();
  ...
  ...
  ...
  dispatch(location);
});

避免重复的描述

当类/对象名已经有意义时，对其变量进行命名不需要再次重复。

// Bad
var Car = {
  carMake: 'Honda',
  carModel: 'Accord',
  carColor: 'Blue'
};

function paintCar(car) {
  car.carColor = 'Red';
}

// Good
var Car = {
  make: 'Honda',
  model: 'Accord',
  color: 'Blue'
};

function paintCar(car) {
  car.color = 'Red';
}

避免无意义的条件判断

// Bad
function createMicrobrewery(name) {
  var breweryName;
  if (name) {
    breweryName = name;
  } else {
    breweryName = 'Hipster Brew Co.';
  }
}

// Good
function createMicrobrewery(name) {
  var breweryName = name || 'Hipster Brew Co.'
}

函数

函数参数不宜过多

限制函数参数数量很有必要，这么做使得在测试函数时更加轻松。过多的参数将导致难以采用有效的测试用例对函数的各个参数进行测试。
应避免三个以上参数的函数。通常情况下，参数超过两个意味着函数功能过于复杂，这时需要重新优化你的函数。当确实需要多个参数时，大多情况下可以考虑这些参数封装成一个对象。

// Bad
function createMenu(title, body, buttonText, cancellable) {
  ...
}

// Good
var menuConfig = {
  title: 'Foo',
  body: 'Bar',
  buttonText: 'Baz',
  cancellable: true
}

function createMenu(menuConfig) {
  ...
}

函数功能的单一性

这是软件功能中最重要的原则之一。功能不单一的函数将导致难以重构、测试和理解。功能单一的函数易于重构，并使代码更加干净。

// Bad
function emailClients(clients) {
  clients.forEach(client => {
    let clientRecord = database.lookup(client);
    if (clientRecord.isActive()) {
      email(client);
    }
  });
}

// Good
function emailClients(clients) {
  clients.forEach(client => {
    emailClientIfNeeded(client);
  });
}

function emailClientIfNeeded(client) {
  if (isClientActive(client)) {
    email(client);
  }
}

function isClientActive(client) {
  let clientRecord = database.lookup(client);
  return clientRecord.isActive();
}

函数名能够明确表明功能

// Bad
function dateAdd(date, month) {
  // ...
}

let date = new Date();

// 很难理解dateAdd(date, 1)是什么意思
dateAdd(date, 1);

// Good
function dateAddMonth(date, month) {
  // ...
}

let date = new Date();
dateAddMonth(date, 1);

函数只做一层抽象

当函数的需要的抽象多于一层时通常意味着函数功能过于复杂，需将其进行分解以提高其可重用性和可测试性。

// Bad
function parseBetterJSAlternative(code) {
  let REGEXES = [
    // ...
  ];

  let statements = code.split(' ');
  let tokens;
  REGEXES.forEach((REGEX) => {
    statements.forEach((statement) => {
      // ...
    })
  });

  let ast;
  tokens.forEach((token) => {
    // lex...
  });

  ast.forEach((node) => {
    // parse...
  })
}

// Good
function tokenize(code) {
  let REGEXES = [
    // ...
  ];

  let statements = code.split(' ');
  let tokens;
  REGEXES.forEach((REGEX) => {
    statements.forEach((statement) => {
      // ...
    })
  });

  return tokens;
}

function lexer(tokens) {
  let ast;
  tokens.forEach((token) => {
    // lex...
  });

  return ast;
}

function parseBetterJSAlternative(code) {
  let tokens = tokenize(code);
  let ast = lexer(tokens);
  ast.forEach((node) => {
    // parse...
  })
}

移除重复的代码

永远不要在任何循环下有重复的代码。这种做法毫无意义且潜在危险极大。重复的代码意味着逻辑变化时需要对不止一处进行修改。JS 弱类型的特点使得函数拥有更强的普适性。

// Bad
function showDeveloperList(developers) {
  developers.forEach(developer => {
    var expectedSalary = developer.calculateExpectedSalary();
    var experience = developer.getExperience();
    var githubLink = developer.getGithubLink();
    var data = {
      expectedSalary: expectedSalary,
      experience: experience,
      githubLink: githubLink
    };

    render(data);
  });
}

function showManagerList(managers) {
  managers.forEach(manager => {
    var expectedSalary = manager.calculateExpectedSalary();
    var experience = manager.getExperience();
    var portfolio = manager.getMBAProjects();
    var data = {
      expectedSalary: expectedSalary,
      experience: experience,
      portfolio: portfolio
    };

    render(data);
  });
}

// Good
function showList(employees) {
  employees.forEach(employee => {
    var expectedSalary = employee.calculateExpectedSalary();
    var experience = employee.getExperience();
    var portfolio;

    if (employee.type === 'manager') {
      portfolio = employee.getMBAProjects();
    } else {
      portfolio = employee.getGithubLink();
    }

    var data = {
      expectedSalary: expectedSalary,
      experience: experience,
      portfolio: portfolio
    };

    render(data);
  });
}

采用默认参数精简代码

// Bad
function writeForumComment(subject, body) {
  subject = subject || 'No Subject';
  body = body || 'No text';
}

// Good
function writeForumComment(subject = 'No subject', body = 'No text') {
  ...
}

使用 Object.assign 设置默认对象

// Bad
var menuConfig = {
  title: null,
  body: 'Bar',
  buttonText: null,
  cancellable: true
}

function createMenu(config) {
  config.title = config.title || 'Foo'
  config.body = config.body || 'Bar'
  config.buttonText = config.buttonText || 'Baz'
  config.cancellable = config.cancellable === undefined ? config.cancellable : true;

}

createMenu(menuConfig);

// Good
var menuConfig = {
  title: 'Order',
  // User did not include 'body' key
  buttonText: 'Send',
  cancellable: true
}

function createMenu(config) {
  config = Object.assign({
    title: 'Foo',
    body: 'Bar',
    buttonText: 'Baz',
    cancellable: true
  }, config);

  // config now equals: {title: "Order", body: "Bar", buttonText: "Send", cancellable: true}
  // ...
}

createMenu(menuConfig);

不要使用标记(Flag)作为函数参数

这通常意味着函数的功能的单一性已经被破坏。此时应考虑对函数进行再次划分。

// Bad
function createFile(name, temp) {
  if (temp) {
    fs.create('./temp/' + name);
  } else {
    fs.create(name);
  }
}

// Good
function createTempFile(name) {
  fs.create('./temp/' + name);
}

----------

function createFile(name) {
  fs.create(name);
}

避免副作用

当函数产生了除了“接受一个值并返回一个结果”之外的行为时，称该函数产生了副作用。比如写文件、修改全局变量或将你的钱全转给了一个陌生人等。

// Bad
// Global variable referenced by following function.
// If we had another function that used this name, now it'd be an array and it could break it.
var name = 'Ryan McDermott';

function splitIntoFirstAndLastName() {
  name = name.split(' ');
}

splitIntoFirstAndLastName();

console.log(name); // ['Ryan', 'McDermott'];

// Good
function splitIntoFirstAndLastName(name) {
  return name.split(' ');
}

var name = 'Ryan McDermott'
var newName = splitIntoFirstAndLastName(name);

console.log(name); // 'Ryan McDermott';
console.log(newName); // ['Ryan', 'McDermott'];

不要写全局函数

在 JS 中污染全局是一个非常不好的实践，这么做可能和其他库起冲突，且调用你的 API 的用户在实际环境中得到一个 exception 前对这一情况是一无所知的。
使用 ES6 中的 class 对全局的 Array 做简单的扩展显然是一个更棒的选择。

// Bad
Array.prototype.diff = function(comparisonArray) {
  var values = [];
  var hash = {};

  for (var i of comparisonArray) {
    hash[i] = true;
  }

  for (var i of this) {
    if (!hash[i]) {
      values.push(i);
    }
  }

  return values;
}

// Good
class SuperArray extends Array {
  constructor(...args) {
    super(...args);
  }

  diff(comparisonArray) {
    var values = [];
    var hash = {};

    for (var i of comparisonArray) {
      hash[i] = true;
    }

    for (var i of this) {
      if (!hash[i]) {
        values.push(i);
      }
    }

    return values;
  }
}

采用函数式编程

函数式的编程具有更干净且便于测试的特点。尽可能的使用这种风格吧。

// Bad
const programmerOutput = [
  {
    name: 'Uncle Bobby',
    linesOfCode: 500
  }, {
    name: 'Suzie Q',
    linesOfCode: 1500
  }, {
    name: 'Jimmy Gosling',
    linesOfCode: 150
  }, {
    name: 'Gracie Hopper',
    linesOfCode: 1000
  }
];

var totalOutput = 0;

for (var i = 0; i < programmerOutput.length; i++) {
  totalOutput += programmerOutput[i].linesOfCode;
}

// Good
const programmerOutput = [
  {
    name: 'Uncle Bobby',
    linesOfCode: 500
  }, {
    name: 'Suzie Q',
    linesOfCode: 1500
  }, {
    name: 'Jimmy Gosling',
    linesOfCode: 150
  }, {
    name: 'Gracie Hopper',
    linesOfCode: 1000
  }
];

var totalOutput = programmerOutput
  .map((programmer) => programmer.linesOfCode)
  .reduce((acc, linesOfCode) => acc + linesOfCode, 0);

封装判断条件

// Bad
if (fsm.state === 'fetching' && isEmpty(listNode)) {
  /// ...
}

// Good
function shouldShowSpinner(fsm, listNode) {
  return fsm.state === 'fetching' && isEmpty(listNode);
}

if (shouldShowSpinner(fsmInstance, listNodeInstance)) {
  // ...
}

避免否定情况

// Bad
function isDOMNodeNotPresent(node) {
  // ...
}

if (!isDOMNodeNotPresent(node)) {
  // ...
}

// Good
function isDOMNodePresent(node) {
  // ...
}

if (isDOMNodePresent(node)) {
  // ...
}

避免条件判断

这看起来似乎不太可能。大多人听到这的第一反应是：“怎么可能不用 if 完成其他功能呢？”许多情况下通过使用多态(polymorphism)可以达到同样的目的。目的是为了保持函数功能的单一性。

// Bad
class Airplane {
  //...
  getCruisingAltitude() {
    switch (this.type) {
      case '777':
        return getMaxAltitude() - getPassengerCount();
      case 'Air Force One':
        return getMaxAltitude();
      case 'Cessna':
        return getMaxAltitude() - getFuelExpenditure();
    }
  }
}

// Good
class Airplane {
  //...
}

class Boeing777 extends Airplane {
  //...
  getCruisingAltitude() {
    return getMaxAltitude() - getPassengerCount();
  }
}

class AirForceOne extends Airplane {
  //...
  getCruisingAltitude() {
    return getMaxAltitude();
  }
}

class Cessna extends Airplane {
  //...
  getCruisingAltitude() {
    return getMaxAltitude() - getFuelExpenditure();
  }
}

避免类型判断

JS 是弱类型语言，这意味着函数可接受任意类型的参数。有时这会对你带来麻烦，你会对参数做一些类型判断。有许多方法可以避免这些情况。

// Bad
function travelToTexas(vehicle) {
  if (vehicle instanceof Bicycle) {
    vehicle.peddle(this.currentLocation, new Location('texas'));
  } else if (vehicle instanceof Car) {
    vehicle.drive(this.currentLocation, new Location('texas'));
  }
}

// Good
function travelToTexas(vehicle) {
  vehicle.move(this.currentLocation, new Location('texas'));
}

如果需处理的数据为字符串，整型，数组等类型，无法使用多态并仍有必要对其进行类型检测时，可以考虑使用 TypeScript。

// Bad
function combine(val1, val2) {
  if (typeof val1 == "number" && typeof val2 == "number" ||
      typeof val1 == "string" && typeof val2 == "string") {
    return val1 + val2;
  } else {
    throw new Error('Must be of type String or Number');
  }
}

// Good
function combine(val1, val2) {
  return val1 + val2;
}

避免过度优化

现代的浏览器在运行时会对代码自动进行优化。有时人为对代码进行优化可能是在浪费时间。

// Bad

// 这里使用变量len是因为在老式浏览器中，
// 直接使用正例中的方式会导致每次循环均重复计算list.length的值，
// 而在现代浏览器中会自动完成优化，这一行为是没有必要的
for (var i = 0, len = list.length; i < len; i++) {
  // ...
}

// Good
for (var i = 0; i < list.length; i++) {
  // ...
}

删除无效的代码

不再被调用的代码应及时删除。

// Bad
function oldRequestModule(url) {
  // ...
}

function newRequestModule(url) {
  // ...
}

var req = newRequestModule;
inventoryTracker('apples', req, 'www.inventory-awesome.io');


// Good
function newRequestModule(url) {
  // ...
}

var req = newRequestModule;
inventoryTracker('apples', req, 'www.inventory-awesome.io');

对象和数据结构

使用 getters 和 setters

JS 没有接口或类型，因此实现这一模式是很困难的，因为我们并没有类似 public 和 private 的关键词。
然而，使用 getters 和 setters 获取对象的数据远比直接使用点操作符具有优势。为什么呢？
- 当需要对获取的对象属性执行额外操作时。
- 执行 set 时可以增加规则对要变量的合法性进行判断。
- 封装了内部逻辑。
- 在存取时可以方便的增加日志和错误处理。
- 继承该类时可以重载默认行为。
- 从服务器获取数据时可以进行懒加载。

// Bad
class BankAccount {
  constructor() {
	   this.balance = 1000;
  }
}

let bankAccount = new BankAccount();

// Buy shoes...
bankAccount.balance = bankAccount.balance - 100;

// Good
class BankAccount {
  constructor() {
	   this.balance = 1000;
  }

  // It doesn't have to be prefixed with `get` or `set` to be a getter/setter
  withdraw(amount) {
  	if (verifyAmountCanBeDeducted(amount)) {
  	  this.balance -= amount;
  	}
  }
}

let bankAccount = new BankAccount();

// Buy shoes...
bankAccount.withdraw(100);

让对象拥有私有成员

可以通过闭包完成

// Bad

var Employee = function(name) {
  this.name = name;
}

Employee.prototype.getName = function() {
  return this.name;
}

var employee = new Employee('John Doe');
console.log('Employee name: ' + employee.getName()); // Employee name: John Doe
delete employee.name;
console.log('Employee name: ' + employee.getName()); // Employee name: undefined

// Good
var Employee = (function() {
  function Employee(name) {
    this.getName = function() {
      return name;
    };
  }

  return Employee;
}());

var employee = new Employee('John Doe');
console.log('Employee name: ' + employee.getName()); // Employee name: John Doe
delete employee.name;
console.log('Employee name: ' + employee.getName()); // Employee name: John Doe

类

单一职责原则 (SRP)

如《代码整洁之道》一书中所述，“修改一个类的理由不应该超过一个”。
将多个功能塞进一个类的想法很诱人，但这将导致你的类无法达到概念上的内聚，并经常不得不进行修改。
最小化对一个类需要修改的次数是非常有必要的。如果一个类具有太多太杂的功能，当你对其中一小部分进行修改时，将很难想象到这一修够对代码库中依赖该类的其他模块会带来什么样的影响。

// Bad
class UserSettings {
  constructor(user) {
    this.user = user;
  }

  changeSettings(settings) {
    if (this.verifyCredentials(user)) {
      // ...
    }
  }

  verifyCredentials(user) {
    // ...
  }
}

// Good
class UserAuth {
  constructor(user) {
    this.user = user;
  }

  verifyCredentials() {
    // ...
  }
}


class UserSettings {
  constructor(user) {
    this.user = user;
    this.auth = new UserAuth(user)
  }

  changeSettings(settings) {
    if (this.auth.verifyCredentials()) {
      // ...
    }
  }
}

开/闭原则 (OCP)

“代码实体(类，模块，函数等)应该易于扩展，难于修改。”
这一原则指的是我们应允许用户方便的扩展我们代码模块的功能，而不需要打开 js 文件源码手动对其进行修改。

// Bad
class AjaxRequester {
  constructor() {
    // What if we wanted another HTTP Method, like DELETE? We would have to
    // open this file up and modify this and put it in manually.
    this.HTTP_METHODS = ['POST', 'PUT', 'GET'];
  }

  get(url) {
    // ...
  }

}

// Good
class AjaxRequester {
  constructor() {
    this.HTTP_METHODS = ['POST', 'PUT', 'GET'];
  }

  get(url) {
    // ...
  }

  addHTTPMethod(method) {
    this.HTTP_METHODS.push(method);
  }
}

利斯科夫替代原则 (LSP)

“子类对象应该能够替换其超类对象被使用”。
也就是说，如果有一个父类和一个子类，当采用子类替换父类时不应该产生错误的结果。

// Bad
class Rectangle {
  constructor() {
    this.width = 0;
    this.height = 0;
  }

  setColor(color) {
    // ...
  }

  render(area) {
    // ...
  }

  setWidth(width) {
    this.width = width;
  }

  setHeight(height) {
    this.height = height;
  }

  getArea() {
    return this.width * this.height;
  }
}

class Square extends Rectangle {
  constructor() {
    super();
  }

  setWidth(width) {
    this.width = width;
    this.height = width;
  }

  setHeight(height) {
    this.width = height;
    this.height = height;
  }
}

function renderLargeRectangles(rectangles) {
  rectangles.forEach((rectangle) => {
    rectangle.setWidth(4);
    rectangle.setHeight(5);
    let area = rectangle.getArea(); // BAD: Will return 25 for Square. Should be 20.
    rectangle.render(area);
  })
}

let rectangles = [new Rectangle(), new Rectangle(), new Square()];
renderLargeRectangles(rectangles);

// Good
class Shape {
  constructor() {}

  setColor(color) {
    // ...
  }

  render(area) {
    // ...
  }
}

class Rectangle extends Shape {
  constructor() {
    super();
    this.width = 0;
    this.height = 0;
  }

  setWidth(width) {
    this.width = width;
  }

  setHeight(height) {
    this.height = height;
  }

  getArea() {
    return this.width * this.height;
  }
}

class Square extends Shape {
  constructor() {
    super();
    this.length = 0;
  }

  setLength(length) {
    this.length = length;
  }

  getArea() {
    return this.length * this.length;
  }
}

function renderLargeShapes(shapes) {
  shapes.forEach((shape) => {
    switch (shape.constructor.name) {
      case 'Square':
        shape.setLength(5);
      case 'Rectangle':
        shape.setWidth(4);
        shape.setHeight(5);
    }

    let area = shape.getArea();
    shape.render(area);
  })
}

let shapes = [new Rectangle(), new Rectangle(), new Square()];
renderLargeShapes(shapes);

接口隔离原则 (ISP)

“客户端不应该依赖它不需要的接口；一个类对另一个类的依赖应该建立在最小的接口上。”
在 JS 中，当一个类需要许多参数设置才能生成一个对象时，或许大多时候不需要设置这么多的参数。此时减少对配置参数数量的需求是有益的。

// Bad
class DOMTraverser {
  constructor(settings) {
    this.settings = settings;
    this.setup();
  }

  setup() {
    this.rootNode = this.settings.rootNode;
    this.animationModule.setup();
  }

  traverse() {
    // ...
  }
}

let $ = new DOMTraverser({
  rootNode: document.getElementsByTagName('body'),
  animationModule: function() {} // Most of the time, we won't need to animate when traversing.
  // ...
});


// Good
class DOMTraverser {
  constructor(settings) {
    this.settings = settings;
    this.options = settings.options;
    this.setup();
  }

  setup() {
    this.rootNode = this.settings.rootNode;
    this.setupOptions();
  }

  setupOptions() {
    if (this.options.animationModule) {
      // ...
    }
  }

  traverse() {
    // ...
  }
}

let $ = new DOMTraverser({
  rootNode: document.getElementsByTagName('body'),
  options: {
    animationModule: function() {}
  }
});

依赖反转原则 (DIP)

该原则有两个核心点：
- 高层模块不应该依赖于低层模块。他们都应该依赖于抽象接口。
- 抽象接口应该脱离具体实现，具体实现应该依赖于抽象接口。

// Bad
class InventoryTracker {
  constructor(items) {
    this.items = items;

    // BAD: We have created a dependency on a specific request implementation.
    // We should just have requestItems depend on a request method: `request`
    this.requester = new InventoryRequester();
  }

  requestItems() {
    this.items.forEach((item) => {
      this.requester.requestItem(item);
    });
  }
}

class InventoryRequester {
  constructor() {
    this.REQ_METHODS = ['HTTP'];
  }

  requestItem(item) {
    // ...
  }
}

let inventoryTracker = new InventoryTracker(['apples', 'bananas']);
inventoryTracker.requestItems();

// Good
class InventoryTracker {
  constructor(items, requester) {
    this.items = items;
    this.requester = requester;
  }

  requestItems() {
    this.items.forEach((item) => {
      this.requester.requestItem(item);
    });
  }
}

class InventoryRequesterV1 {
  constructor() {
    this.REQ_METHODS = ['HTTP'];
  }

  requestItem(item) {
    // ...
  }
}

class InventoryRequesterV2 {
  constructor() {
    this.REQ_METHODS = ['WS'];
  }

  requestItem(item) {
    // ...
  }
}

// By constructing our dependencies externally and injecting them, we can easily
// substitute our request module for a fancy new one that uses WebSockets.
let inventoryTracker = new InventoryTracker(['apples', 'bananas'], new InventoryRequesterV2());
inventoryTracker.requestItems();

使用 ES6 的 class 而不是 ES5 的 Function

典型的 ES5 的类(function)在继承、构造和方法定义方面可读性较差。
当需要继承时，优先选用 class。
但是，当在需要更大更复杂的对象时，最好优先选择更小的 function 而非 class。

// Bad
var Animal = function(age) {
    if (!(this instanceof Animal)) {
        throw new Error("Instantiate Animal with `new`");
    }

    this.age = age;
};

Animal.prototype.move = function() {};

var Mammal = function(age, furColor) {
    if (!(this instanceof Mammal)) {
        throw new Error("Instantiate Mammal with `new`");
    }

    Animal.call(this, age);
    this.furColor = furColor;
};

Mammal.prototype = Object.create(Animal.prototype);
Mammal.prototype.constructor = Mammal;
Mammal.prototype.liveBirth = function() {};

var Human = function(age, furColor, languageSpoken) {
    if (!(this instanceof Human)) {
        throw new Error("Instantiate Human with `new`");
    }

    Mammal.call(this, age, furColor);
    this.languageSpoken = languageSpoken;
};

Human.prototype = Object.create(Mammal.prototype);
Human.prototype.constructor = Human;
Human.prototype.speak = function() {};

// Good
class Animal {
    constructor(age) {
        this.age = age;
    }

    move() {}
}

class Mammal extends Animal {
    constructor(age, furColor) {
        super(age);
        this.furColor = furColor;
    }

    liveBirth() {}
}

class Human extends Mammal {
    constructor(age, furColor, languageSpoken) {
        super(age, furColor);
        this.languageSpoken = languageSpoken;
    }

    speak() {}
}

使用方法链

在 JS 中使用方法链是非常合适的。在 class 的函数中返回 this，能够方便的将类需要执行的多个方法链接起来。

// Bad
class Car {
  constructor() {
    this.make = 'Honda';
    this.model = 'Accord';
    this.color = 'white';
  }

  setMake(make) {
    this.name = name;
  }

  setModel(model) {
    this.model = model;
  }

  setColor(color) {
    this.color = color;
  }

  save() {
    console.log(this.make, this.model, this.color);
  }
}

let car = new Car();
car.setColor('pink');
car.setMake('Ford');
car.setModel('F-150')
car.save();

// Good
class Car {
  constructor() {
    this.make = 'Honda';
    this.model = 'Accord';
    this.color = 'white';
  }

  setMake(make) {
    this.name = name;
    // NOTE: Returning this for chaining
    return this;
  }

  setModel(model) {
    this.model = model;
    // NOTE: Returning this for chaining
    return this;
  }

  setColor(color) {
    this.color = color;
    // NOTE: Returning this for chaining
    return this;
  }

  save() {
    console.log(this.make, this.model, this.color);
  }
}

let car = new Car()
  .setColor('pink')
  .setMake('Ford')
  .setModel('F-150')
  .save();

优先使用组合模式而非继承

在著名的设计模式一书中提到，应多使用组合模式而非继承。
这么做有许多优点，在想要使用继承前，多想想能否通过组合模式满足需求吧。
那么，在什么时候继承具有更大的优势呢？这取决于你的具体需求，但大多情况下，可以遵守以下三点：
- 继承关系表现为"是一个"而非"有一个"
- 可以复用基类的代码
- 希望当基类改变时所有派生类都受到影响

// Bad
class Employee {
  constructor(name, email) {
    this.name = name;
    this.email = email;
  }

  // ...
}

// Bad because Employees "have" tax data. EmployeeTaxData is not a type of Employee
class EmployeeTaxData extends Employee {
  constructor(ssn, salary) {
    super();
    this.ssn = ssn;
    this.salary = salary;
  }

  // ...
}

// Good
class Employee {
  constructor(name, email) {
    this.name = name;
    this.email = email;

  }

  setTaxData(ssn, salary) {
    this.taxData = new EmployeeTaxData(ssn, salary);
  }
  // ...
}

class EmployeeTaxData {
  constructor(ssn, salary) {
    this.ssn = ssn;
    this.salary = salary;
  }

  // ...
}

测试

单一的测试每个概念

// Bad
const assert = require('assert');

describe('MakeMomentJSGreatAgain', function() {
  it('handles date boundaries', function() {
    let date;

    date = new MakeMomentJSGreatAgain('1/1/2015');
    date.addDays(30);
    date.shouldEqual('1/31/2015');

    date = new MakeMomentJSGreatAgain('2/1/2016');
    date.addDays(28);
    assert.equal('02/29/2016', date);

    date = new MakeMomentJSGreatAgain('2/1/2015');
    date.addDays(28);
    assert.equal('03/01/2015', date);
  });
});

// Good
const assert = require('assert');

describe('MakeMomentJSGreatAgain', function() {
  it('handles 30-day months', function() {
    let date = new MakeMomentJSGreatAgain('1/1/2015');
    date.addDays(30);
    date.shouldEqual('1/31/2015');
  });

  it('handles leap year', function() {
    let date = new MakeMomentJSGreatAgain('2/1/2016');
    date.addDays(28);
    assert.equal('02/29/2016', date);
  });

  it('handles non-leap year', function() {
    let date = new MakeMomentJSGreatAgain('2/1/2015');
    date.addDays(28);
    assert.equal('03/01/2015', date);
  });
});

并发

用 Promises 替代回调

回调不够整洁并会造成大量的嵌套。ES6 内嵌了 Promises，使用它吧。

// Bad
require('request').get('https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Cecil_Martin', function(err, response) {
  if (err) {
    console.error(err);
  }
  else {
    require('fs').writeFile('article.html', response.body, function(err) {
      if (err) {
        console.error(err);
      } else {
        console.log('File written');
      }
    })
  }
})


// Good
require('request-promise').get('https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Cecil_Martin')
  .then(function(response) {
    return require('fs-promise').writeFile('article.html', response);
  })
  .then(function() {
    console.log('File written');
  })
  .catch(function(err) {
    console.error(err);
  })

Async/Await 是较 Promises 更好的选择

Promises 是较回调而言更好的一种选择，但 ES7 中的 async 和 await 更胜过 Promises。
在能使用 ES7 特性的情况下可以尽量使用他们替代 Promises。

// Bad
require('request-promise').get('https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Cecil_Martin')
  .then(function(response) {
    return require('fs-promise').writeFile('article.html', response);
  })
  .then(function() {
    console.log('File written');
  })
  .catch(function(err) {
    console.error(err);
  })


// Good
async function getCleanCodeArticle() {
  try {
    var request = await require('request-promise')
    var response = await request.get('https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Cecil_Martin');
    var fileHandle = await require('fs-promise');

    await fileHandle.writeFile('article.html', response);
    console.log('File written');
  } catch(err) {
    console.log(err);
  }
}

错误处理

错误抛出是个好东西！这使得你能够成功定位运行状态中的程序产生错误的位置。
别忘了捕获错误
对捕获的错误不做任何处理是没有意义的。
代码中 try/catch 的意味着你认为这里可能出现一些错误，你应该对这些可能的错误存在相应的处理方案。

// Bad
try {
  functionThatMightThrow();
} catch (error) {
  console.log(error);
}

// Good
try {
  functionThatMightThrow();
} catch (error) {
  // One option (more noisy than console.log):
  console.error(error);
  // Another option:
  notifyUserOfError(error);
  // Another option:
  reportErrorToService(error);
  // OR do all three!
}

不要忽略被拒绝的 promises

理由同 try/catch。

// Bad
getdata()
.then(data => {
  functionThatMightThrow(data);
})
.catch(error => {
  console.log(error);
});

// Good
getdata()
.then(data => {
  functionThatMightThrow(data);
})
.catch(error => {
  // One option (more noisy than console.log):
  console.error(error);
  // Another option:
  notifyUserOfError(error);
  // Another option:
  reportErrorToService(error);
  // OR do all three!
});

格式化

大小写一致

JS 是弱类型语言，合理的采用大小写可以告诉你关于变量/函数等的许多消息。
这些规则是主观定义的，团队可以根据喜欢进行选择。重点在于无论选择何种风格，都需要注意保持一致性。

// Bad
var DAYS_IN_WEEK = 7;
var daysInMonth = 30;

var songs = ['Back In Black', 'Stairway to Heaven', 'Hey Jude'];
var Artists = ['ACDC', 'Led Zeppelin', 'The Beatles'];

function eraseDatabase() {}
function restore_database() {}

class animal {}
class Alpaca {}

// Good
var DAYS_IN_WEEK = 7;
var DAYS_IN_MONTH = 30;

var songs = ['Back In Black', 'Stairway to Heaven', 'Hey Jude'];
var artists = ['ACDC', 'Led Zeppelin', 'The Beatles'];

function eraseDatabase() {}
function restoreDatabase() {}

class Animal {}
class Alpaca {}

调用函数的函数和被调函数应放在较近的位置

当函数间存在相互调用的情况时，应将两者置于较近的位置。
理想情况下，应将调用其他函数的函数写在被调用函数的上方。

// Bad
class PerformanceReview {
  constructor(employee) {
    this.employee = employee;
  }

  lookupPeers() {
    return db.lookup(this.employee, 'peers');
  }

  lookupMananger() {
    return db.lookup(this.employee, 'manager');
  }

  getPeerReviews() {
    let peers = this.lookupPeers();
    // ...
  }

  perfReview() {
      getPeerReviews();
      getManagerReview();
      getSelfReview();
  }

  getManagerReview() {
    let manager = this.lookupManager();
  }

  getSelfReview() {
    // ...
  }
}

let review = new PerformanceReview(user);
review.perfReview();

// Good
class PerformanceReview {
  constructor(employee) {
    this.employee = employee;
  }

  perfReview() {
      getPeerReviews();
      getManagerReview();
      getSelfReview();
  }

  getPeerReviews() {
    let peers = this.lookupPeers();
    // ...
  }

  lookupPeers() {
    return db.lookup(this.employee, 'peers');
  }

  getManagerReview() {
    let manager = this.lookupManager();
  }

  lookupMananger() {
    return db.lookup(this.employee, 'manager');
  }

  getSelfReview() {
    // ...
  }
}

let review = new PerformanceReview(employee);
review.perfReview();

注释

只对存在一定业务逻辑复杂性的代码进行注释

注释并不是必须的，好的代码是能够让人一目了然，不用过多无谓的注释。

// Bad
function hashIt(data) {
  // The hash
  var hash = 0;

  // Length of string
  var length = data.length;

  // Loop through every character in data
  for (var i = 0; i < length; i++) {
    // Get character code.
    var char = data.charCodeAt(i);
    // Make the hash
    hash = ((hash << 5) - hash) + char;
    // Convert to 32-bit integer
    hash = hash & hash;
  }
}

// Good

function hashIt(data) {
  var hash = 0;
  var length = data.length;

  for (var i = 0; i < length; i++) {
    var char = data.charCodeAt(i);
    hash = ((hash << 5) - hash) + char;

    // Convert to 32-bit integer
    hash = hash & hash;
  }
}

不要在代码库中遗留被注释掉的代码

版本控制的存在是有原因的。让旧代码存在于你的 history 里吧。

// Bad
doStuff();
// doOtherStuff();
// doSomeMoreStuff();
// doSoMuchStuff();

// Good
doStuff();

不需要版本更新类型注释

记住，我们可以使用版本控制。废代码、被注释的代码及用注释记录代码中的版本更新说明都是没有必要的。
需要时可以使用 git log 获取历史版本。

// Bad
/**
 * 2016-12-20: Removed monads, didn't understand them (RM)
 * 2016-10-01: Improved using special monads (JP)
 * 2016-02-03: Removed type-checking (LI)
 * 2015-03-14: Added combine with type-checking (JR)
 */
function combine(a, b) {
  return a + b;
}

// Good
function combine(a, b) {
  return a + b;
}

避免位置标记

这些东西通常只能代码麻烦，采用适当的缩进就可以了。

// Bad
////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
// Scope Model Instantiation
////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
let $scope.model = {
  menu: 'foo',
  nav: 'bar'
};

////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
// Action setup
////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
let actions = function() {
  // ...
}

// Good
let $scope.model = {
  menu: 'foo',
  nav: 'bar'
};

let actions = function() {
  // ...
}

避免在源文件中写入法律评论

将你的 LICENSE 文件置于源码目录树的根目录。

// Bad
/*
The MIT License (MIT)

Copyright (c) 2024 Ryan McDermott

Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal
in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights
to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell
copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is
furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:

The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all
copies or substantial portions of the Software.

THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,
OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE
SOFTWARE
*/

function calculateBill() {
  // ...
}

// Good
function calculateBill() {
  // ...
}