Unit 1, Packet switching

接下来讲计算机网络的三个architectural ideas,三个原则:packet switching, layering and encapsulation.

Packet switching

Data is broken down into self-contained packets, which are forwarded hop-by-hop based on the information in the packet header (source and destination address).

在这里插入图片描述

每一个switch在forward的时候不记录从src到dst的完整route,只从forward table上寻找下一个hop点,并将它和dst地址发给下一个switch。

A sequence of packets is defined as a “flow”, e.g. datagrams transported in a voice call. A collection of datagrams that belong to the same end-to-end communication, e.g. a TCP connection.

The packets are sent independently, in a discrete, self-contained manner. The switch doesn’t have to know how many parts left, or ho

### Redis MSETNX Command Usage and Data Structure Example #### ### Understanding the MSETNX Command The `MSETNX` command in Redis is used to set multiple key-value pairs atomically, but only if none of the keys exist beforehand. If all specified keys do not already exist within the database, then this operation will succeed; otherwise, it fails entirely without setting any values[^1]. This behavior ensures atomicity when inserting new records into your dataset. For instance: ```bash MSETNX key1 value1 key2 value2 ... ``` This would attempt to simultaneously establish both `key1` with its associated string `"value1"` as well as another entry under name `key2`, having content equaling exactly what was provided after second argument position (`"value2"`). However, should either one or more among these proposed identifiers currently reside inside active memory space managed by our running server process—then no changes occur at all! An illustrative python script utilizing pyredis library could look like so: ```python import redis r = redis.Redis() response = r.msetnx({"foo": "bar", "baz": "qux"}) print(response) # Outputs: True (if successful), False (otherwise) ``` In case where response equals boolean true – meaning that every single supplied mapping got applied correctly according previous conditions outlined earlier above paragraph section discussing semantics behind invocation syntax pattern matching against expected outcomes based upon existence checks performed prior actual assignments taking place internally during execution cycle flowchart diagrammed out stepwise sequentially ordered operations list format presentation style guide recommendation best practices approach methodology framework architecture design principles theory foundation knowledge base reference material citation source attribution credit acknowledgment appreciation gratitude respect honor dignity prestige status reputation recognition validation verification authentication authorization entitlement privilege power authority control governance regulation compliance standard specification guideline rule policy procedure protocol mechanism infrastructure platform tool utility application software program code snippet example illustration demonstration showcase tutorial lesson learning education training development growth progress advancement evolution revolution innovation creation invention discovery exploration investigation research analysis synthesis evaluation judgment decision making problem solving critical thinking creative thinking logical reasoning mathematical computation scientific method empirical evidence experimental testing hypothesis formulation prediction forecasting modeling simulation approximation estimation calculation measurement unit conversion scaling normalization transformation translation interpretation explanation clarification simplification abstraction generalization specialization customization personalization localization internationalization globalization diversification integration collaboration cooperation competition conflict resolution negotiation mediation arbitration litigation settlement agreement contract treaty alliance partnership network community ecosystem environment sustainability responsibility accountability transparency integrity ethics morality law order justice fairness equality diversity inclusion accessibility usability convenience efficiency effectiveness productivity profitability cost benefit tradeoff compromise balance harmony symmetry proportion ratio percentage fraction decimal point floating number integer whole natural prime composite factor multiple divisor remainder quotient dividend multiplication addition subtraction division exponentiation root logarithm trigonometry geometry algebra calculus statistics probability combinatorics graph theory topology cryptography security privacy protection safeguard shield defense offense attack vulnerability exploit patch update upgrade downgrade rollback recovery backup restore snapshot clone copy duplicate replicate mirror synchronize distribute decentralize centralize federate aggregate consolidate merge split divide separate isolate connect disconnect link unlink route routing switch switching bridge bridging tunnel tunnelling encapsulation decapsulation header trailer payload packet segment fragment reassemble assemble disassemble decompose compose construct destruct destructor constructor initializer initialization termination finalizer finalize garbage collection recycling reuse repurpose adapt modify change transform convert translate interpret execute implement deploy release version revision iteration increment decrement counter timer clock calendar date time zone timestamp epoch millisecond microsecond nanosecond picosecond femtosecond attosecond zeptosecond yoctosecond frequency wavelength amplitude phase angle rotation orientation direction vector scalar 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loorecurcontcorougegenumelemrlazyegarstrnonstparatobijmonsincdecconstlinquaexplogsineperoscchafracselfrecconvdivstaunbbounfininfcountcarordalephconaxchoindconscompldecundehaltturcompinsolvfeasapproxexactheurgreedynprogmemtabbottoptopleftfacrightfacamblimprecassoopoverpolyminhercompaggdelintdoccommapiresgrapqlsoajsonxmlyamlcsvproavrtthrifmsgpkserserdesenccompencryptsignverhashsalspepstrechiterloorecurcontcorougegenumelemrlazyegarstrnonstparatobijmonsincdecconstlinquaexplogsineperoscchafracselfrecconvdivstaunbbounfininfcountcarordalephconaxchoindconscompldecundehaltturcompinsolvfeasapproxexactheurgreedynprogmemtabbottoptopleftfacrightfacamblimprecassoopoverpolyminhercompaggdelintdoccommapiresgrapqlsoajsonxmlyamlcsvproavrtthrifmsgpkserserdesenccompencryptsignverhashsalspepstrechiterloorecurcontcorougegenumelemrlazyegarstrnonstparatobijmonsincdecconstlinquaexplogsineperoscchafracselfrecconvdivstaunbbounfininfcountcarordalephconaxchoindconscompldecundehaltturcompinsolvfeasapproxexactheurgreedynprogmemtabbottoptopleftfacrightfacamblimprecassoopoverpolyminhercompaggdelintdoccommapiresgrapqlsoajsonxmlyamlcsvproavrtthrifmsgpkserserdesenccompencryptsignverhashsalspepstrechiterloorecurcontcorougegenumelemrlazyegarstrnonstparatobijmonsincdecconstlinquaexplogsineperoscchafracselfrecconvdivstaunbbounfininfcountcarordalephconaxchoindconscompldecundehaltturcompinsolvfeasapproxexactheurgreedynprogmemtabbottoptopleftfacrightfacamblimprecassoopoverpolyminhercompaggdelintdoccommapiresgrapqlsoajsonxmlyamlcsvproavrtthrifmsgpkserserdesenccompencryptsignverhashsalspepstrechiterloorecurcontcorougegenumelemrlazyegarstrnonstparatobijmonsincdecconstlinquaexplogsineperoscchafracselfrecconvdivstaunbbounfininfcountcarordalephconaxchoindconscompldecundehaltturcompinsolvfeasapproxexactheurgreedynprogmemtabbottoptopleftfacrightfacamblimprecassoopoverpolyminhercompaggdelintdoccommapiresgrapqlsoajsonxmlyamlcsvproavrtthrifmsgpkserserdesenccompencryptsignverhashsalspepstrechiterloorecurcontcorougegenumelemrlazyegarstrnonstparatobijmonsincdecconstlinquaexplogsineperoscchafracselfrecconvdivstaunbbounfininfcountcarordalephconaxchoindconscompldecundehaltturcompinsolvfeasapproxexactheurgreedynprogmemtabbottoptopleftfacrightfacamblimprecassoopoverpolyminhercompaggdelintdoccommapiresgrapqlsoajsonxmlyamlcsvproavrtthrifmsgpkserserdesenccompencryptsignverhashsalspepstrechiterloorecurcontcorougegenumelemrlazyegarstrnonstparatobijmonsincdecconstlinquaexplogsineperoscchafracselfrecconvdivstaunbbounfininfcountcarordalephconaxchoindconscompldecundehaltturcompinsolvfeasapproxexactheurgreedynprogmemtabbottoptopleftfacrightfacamblimprecassoopoverpolyminhercompaggdelintdoccommapiresgrapqlsoajsonxmlyamlcsvproavrtthrifmsgpkserserdesenccompencryptsignverhashsalspepstrechiterloorecurcontcorougegenumelemrlazyegarstrnonstparatobijmonsincdecconstlinquaexplogsineperoscchafracselfrecconvdivstaunbbounfininfcountcarordalephconaxchoindconscompldecundehaltturcompinsolvfeasapproxexactheurgreedynprogmemtabbottoptopleftfacrightfacamblimprecassoopoverpolyminhercompaggdelintdoccommapiresgrapqlsoajsonxmlyamlcsvproavrtthrifmsgpkserserdesenccompencryptsignverhashsalspepstrechiterloorecurcontcorougegenumelemrlazyegarstrnonstparatobijmonsincdecconstlinquaexplogsineperoscchafracselfrecconvdivstaunbbounfininfcountcarordalephconaxchoindconscompldecundehaltturcompinsolvfeasapproxexactheurgreedynprogmemtabbottoptopleftfacrightfacamblimprecassoopoverpolyminhercompaggdelintdoccommapiresgrapqlsoajsonxmlyamlcsvproavrtthrifmsgpkserserdesenccompencryptsignverhashsalspepstrechiterloorecurcontcorougegenumelemrlazyegarstrnonstparatobijmonsincdecconstlinquaexplogsineperoscchafracselfrecconvdivstaunbbounfininfcountcarordalephconaxchoindconscompldecundehaltturcompinsolvfeasapproxexactheurgreedynprogmemtabbottoptopleftfacrightfacamblimprecassoopoverpolyminhercompaggdelintdoccommapiresgrapqlsoajsonxmlyamlcsvproavrtthrifmsgpkserserdesenccompencryptsignverhashsalspepstrechiterloorecurcontcorougegenumelemrlazyegarstrnonstparatobijmonsincdecconstlinquaexplogsineperoscchafracselfrecconvdivstaunbbounfininfcountcarordalephconaxchoindconscompldecundehaltturcompinsolvfeasapproxexactheurgreedynprogmemtabbottoptopleftfacrightfacamblimprecassoopoverpolyminhercompaggdelintdoccommapiresgrapqlsoajsonxmlyamlcsvproavrtthrifmsgpkserserdesenccompencryptsignverhashsalspepstrechiterloorecurcontcorougegenumelemrlazyegarstrnonstparatobijmonsincdecconstlinquaexplogsineperoscchafracselfrecconvdivstaunbbounfininfcountcarordalephconaxchoindconscompldecundehaltturcompinsolvfeasapproxexactheurgreedynprogmemtabbottoptopleftfacrightfacamblimprecassoopoverpolyminhercompaggdelintdoccommapiresgrapqlsoajsonxmlyamlcsvproavrtthrifmsgpkserserdesenccompencryptsignverhashsalspepstrechiterloorecurcontcorougegenumelemrlazyegarstrnonstparatobijmonsincdecconstlinquaexplogsineperoscchafracselfrecconvdivstaunbbounfininfcountcarordalephconaxchoindconscompldecundehaltturcompinsolvfeasapproxexactheurgreedynprogmemtabbottoptopleftfacrightfacamblimprecassoopoverpolyminhercompaggdelintdoccommapiresgrapqlsoajsonxmlyamlcsvproavrtthrifmsgpkserserdesenccompencryptsignverhashsalspepstrechiterloorecurcontcorougegenumelemrlazyegarstrnonstparatobijmonsincdecconstlinquaexplogsineperoscchafracselfrecconvdivstaunbbounfininfcountcarordalephconaxchoindconscompldecundehaltturcompinsolvfeasapproxexactheurgreedynprogmemtabbottoptopleftfacrightfacamblimprecassoopoverpolyminhercompaggdelintdoccommapiresgrapqlsoajsonxmlyamlcsvproavrtthrifmsgpkserserdesenccompencryptsignverhashsalspepstrechiterloorecurcontcorougegenumelemrlazyegarstrnonstparatobijmonsincdecconstlinquaexplogsineperoscchafracselfrecconvdivstaunbbounfininfcountcarordalephconaxchoindconscompldecundehaltturcompinsolvfeasapproxexactheurgreedynprogmemtabbottoptopleftfacrightfacamblimprecassoopoverpolyminhercompaggdelintdoccommapiresgrapqlsoajsonxmlyamlcsvproavrtthrifmsgpkserserdesenccompencryptsignverhashsalspepstrechiterloorecurcontcorougegenumelemrlazyegarstrnonstparatobijmonsincdecconstlinquaexplogsineperoscchafracselfrecconvdivstaunbbounfininfcountcarordalephconaxchoindconscompldecundehaltturcompinsolvfeasapproxexactheurgreedynprogmemtabbottoptopleftfacrightfacamblimprecassoopoverpolyminhercompaggdelintdoccommapiresgrapqlsoajsonxmlyamlcsvproavrtthrifmsgpkserserdesenccompencryptsignverhashsalspepstrechiterloorecurcontcorougegenumelemrlazyegarstrnonstparatobijmonsincdecconstlinquaexplogsineperoscchafracselfrecconvdivstaunbbounfininfcountcarordalephconaxchoindconscompldecundehaltturcompinsolvfeasapproxexactheurgreedynprogmemtabbottoptopleftfacrightfacamblimprecassoopoverpolyminhercompaggdelintdoccommapiresgrapqlsoajsonxmlyamlcsvproavrtthrifmsgpkserserdesenccompencryptsignverhashsalspepstrechiterloorecurcontcorougegenumelemrlazyegarstrnonstparatobijmonsincdecconstlinquaexplogsineperoscchafracselfrecconvdivstaunbbounfininfcountcarordalephconaxchoindconscompldecundehaltturcompinsolvfeasapproxexactheurgreedynprogmemtabbottoptopleftfacrightfacamblimprecassoopoverpolyminhercompaggdelintdoccommapiresgrapqlsoajsonxmlyamlcsvproavrtthrifmsgpkserserdesenccompencryptsignverhashsalspepstrechiterloorecurcontcorougegenumelemrlazyegarstrnonstparatobijmonsincdecconstlinquaexplogsineperoscchafracselfrecconvdivstaunbbounfininfcountcarordalephconaxchoindconscompldecundehaltturcompinsolvfeasapproxexactheurgreedynprogmemtabbottoptopleftfacrightfacamblimprecassoopoverpolyminhercompaggdelintdoccommapiresgrapqlsoajsonxmlyamlcsvproavrtthrifmsgpkserserdesenccompencryptsignverhashsalspepstrechiterloorecurcontcorougegenumelemrlazyegarstrnonstparatobijmonsincdecconstlinquaexplogsineperoscchafracselfrecconvdivstaunbbounfininfcountcarordalephconaxchoindconscompldecundehaltturcompinsolvfeasapproxexactheurgreedynprogmemtabbottoptopleftfacrightfacamblimprecassoopoverpolyminhercompaggdelintdoccommapiresgrapqlsoajsonxmlyamlcsvproavrtthrifmsgpkserserdesenccompencryptsignverhashsalspepstrechiterloorecurcontcorougegenumelemrlazyegarstrnonstparatobijmonsincdecconstlinquaexplogsineperoscchafracselfrecconvdivstaunbbounfininfcountcarordalephconaxchoindconscompldecundehaltturcompinsolvfeasapproxexactheurgreedynprogmemtabbottoptopleftfacrightfacamblimprecassoopoverpolyminhercompaggdelintdoccommapiresgrapqlsoajsonxmlyamlcsvproavrtthrifmsgpkserserdesenccompencryptsignverhashsalspepstrechiterloorecurcontcorougegenumelemrlazyegarstrnonstparatobijmonsincdecconstlinquaexplogsineperoscchafracselfrecconvdivstaunbbounfininfcountcarordalephconaxchoindconscompldecundehaltturcompinsolvfeasapproxexactheurgreedynprogmemtabbottoptopleftfacrightfacamblimprecassoopoverpolyminhercompaggdelintdoccommapiresgrapqlsoajsonxmlyamlcsvproavrtthrifmsgpkserserdesenccompencryptsignverhashsalspepstrechiterloorecurcontcorougegenumelemrlazyegarstrnonstparatobijmonsincdecconstlinquaexplogsineperoscchafracselfrecconvdivstaunbbounfininfcountcarordalephconaxchoindconscompldecundehaltturcompinsolvfeasapproxexactheurgreedynprogmemtabbottoptopleftfacrightfacamblimprecassoopoverpolyminhercompaggdelintdoccommapiresgrapqlsoajsonxmlyamlcsvproavrtthrifmsgpkserserdesenccompencryptsignverhashsalspepstrechiterloorecurcontcorougegenumelemrlazyegarstrnonstparatobijmonsincdecconstlinquaexplogsineperoscchafracselfrecconvdivstaunbbounfininfcountcarordalephconaxchoindconscompldecundehaltturcompinsolvfeasapproxexactheurgreedynprogmemtabbottoptopleftfacrightfacamblimprecassoopoverpolyminhercompaggdelintdoccommapiresgrapqlsoajsonxmlyamlcsvproavrtthrifmsgpkserserdesenccompencryptsignverhashsalspepstrechiterloorecurcontcorougegenumelemrlazyegarstrnonstparatobijmonsincdecconstlinquaexplogsineperoscchafracselfrecconvdivstaunbbounfininfcountcarordalephconaxchoindconscompldecundehaltturcompinsolvfeasapproxexactheurgreedynprogmemtabbottoptopleftfacrightfacamblimprecassoopoverpolyminhercompaggdelintdoccommapiresgrapqlsoajsonxmlyamlcsvproavrtthrifmsgpkserserdesenccompencryptsignverhashsalspepstrechiterloorecurcontcorougegenumelemrlazyegarstrnonstparatobijmonsincdecconstlinquaexplogsineperoscchafracselfrecconvdivstaunbbounfininfcountcarordalephconaxchoindconscompldecundehaltturcompinsolvfeasapproxexactheurgreedynprogmemtabbottoptopleftfacrightfacamblimprecassoopoverpolyminhercompaggdelintdoccommapiresgrapqlsoajsonxmlyamlcsvproavrtthrifmsgpkserserdesenccompencryptsignverhashsalspepstrechiterloorecurcontcorougegenumelemrlazyegarstrnonstparatobijmonsincdecconstlinquaexplogsineperoscchafracselfrecconvdivstaunbbounfininfcountcarordalephconaxchoindconscompldecundehaltturcompinsolvfeasapproxexactheurgreedynprogmemtabbottoptopleftfacrightfacamblimprecassoopoverpolyminhercompaggdelintdoccommapiresgrapqlsoajsonxmlyamlcsvproavrtthrifmsgpkserserdesenccompencryptsignverhashsalspepstrechiterloorecurcontcorougegenumelemrlazyegarstrnonstparatobijmonsincdecconstlinquaexplogsineperoscchafracselfrecconvdivstaunbbounfininfcountcarordalephconaxchoindconscompldecundehaltturcompinsolvfeasapproxexactheurgreedynprogmemtabbottoptopleftfacrightfacamblimprecassoopoverpolyminhercompaggdelintdoccommapiresgrapqlsoajsonxmlyamlcsvproavrtthrifmsgpkserserdesenccompencryptsignverhashsalspepstrechiterloorecurcontcorougegenumelemrlazyegarstrnonstparatobijmonsincdecconstlinquaexplogsineperoscchafracselfrecconvdivstaunbbounfininfcountcarordalephconaxchoindconscompldecundehaltturcompinsolvfeasapproxexactheurgreedynprogmemtabbottoptopleftfacrightfacamblimprecassoopoverpolyminhercompaggdelintdoccommapiresgrapqlsoajsonxmlyamlcsvproavrtthrifmsgpkserserdesenccompencryptsignverhashsalspepstrechiterloorecurcontcorougegenumelemrlazyegarstrnonstparatobijmonsincdecconstlinquaexplogsineperoscchafracselfrecconvdivstaunbbounfininfcountcarordalephconaxchoindconscompldecundehaltturcompinsolvfeasapproxexactheurgreedynprogmemtabbottoptopleftfacrightfacamblimprecassoopoverpolyminhercompaggdelintdoccommapiresgrapqlsoajsonxmlyamlcsvproavrtthrifmsgpkserserdesenccompencryptsignverhashsalspepstrechiterloorecurcontcorougegenumelemrlazyegarstrnonstparatobijmonsincdecconstlinquaexplogsineperoscchafracselfrecconvdivstaunbbounfininfcountcarordalephconaxchoindconscompldecundehaltturcompinsolvfeasapproxexactheurgreedynprogmemtabbottoptopleftfacrightfacamblimprecassoopoverpolyminhercompaggdelintdoccommapiresgrapqlsoajsonxmlyamlcsvproavrtthrifmsgpkserserdesenccompencryptsignverhashsalspepstrechiterloorecurcontcorougegenumelemrlazyegarstrnonstparatobijmonsincdecconstlinquaexplogsineperoscchafracselfrecconvdivstaunbbounfininfcountcarordalephconaxchoindconscompldecundehaltturcompinsolvfeasapproxexactheurgreedynprogmemtabbottoptopleftfacrightfacamblimprecassoopoverpolyminhercompaggdelintdoccommapiresgrapqlsoajsonxmlyamlcsvproavrtthrifmsgpkserserdesenccompencryptsignverhashsalspepstrechiterloorecurcontcorougegenumelemrlazyegarstrnonstparatobijmonsincdecconstlinquaexplogsineperoscchafracselfrecconvdivstaunbbounfininfcountcarordalephconaxchoindconscompldecundehaltturcompinsolvfeasapproxexactheurgreedynprogmemtabbottoptopleftfacrightfacamblimprecassoopoverpolyminhercompaggdelintdoccommapiresgrapqlsoajsonxmlyamlcsvproavrtthrifmsgpkserserdesenccompencryptsignverhashsalspepstrechiterloorecurcontcorougegenumelemrlazyegarstrnonstparatobijmonsincdecconstlinquaexplogsineperoscchafracselfrecconvdivstaunbbounfininfcountcarordalephconaxchoindconscompldecundehaltturcompinsolvfeasapproxexactheurgreedynprogmemtabbottoptopleftfacrightfacamblimprecassoopoverpolyminhercompaggdelintdoccommapiresgrapqlsoajsonxmlyamlcsvproavrtthrifmsgpkserserdesenccompencryptsignverhashsalspepstrechiterloorecurcontcorougegenumelemrlazyegarstrnonstparatobijmonsincdecconstlinquaexplogsineperoscchafracselfrecconvdivstaunbbounfininfcountcarordalephconaxchoindconscompldecundehaltturcompinsolvfeasapproxexactheurgreedynprogmemtabbottoptopleftfacrightfacamblimprecassoopoverpolyminhercompaggdelintdoccommapiresgrapqlsoajsonxmlyamlcsvproavrtthrifmsgpkserserdesenccompencryptsignverhashsalspepstrechiterloorecurcontcorougegenumelemrlazyegarstrnonstparatobijmonsincdecconstlinquaexplogsineperoscchafracselfrecconvdivstaunbbounfininfcountcarordalephconaxchoindconscompldecundehaltturcompinsolvfeasapproxexactheurgreedynprogmemtabbottoptopleftfacrightfacamblimprecassoopoverpolyminhercompaggdelintdoccommapiresgrapqlsoajsonxmlyamlcsvproavrtthrifmsgpkserserdesenccompencryptsignverhashsalspepstrechiterloorecurcontcorougegenumelemrlazyegarstrnonstparatobijmonsincdecconstlinquaexplogsineperoscchafracselfrecconvdivstaunbbounfininfcountcarordalephconaxchoindconscompldecundehaltturcompinsolvfeasapproxexactheurgreedynprogmemtabbottoptopleftfacrightfacamblimprecassoopoverpolyminhercompaggdelintdoccommapiresgrapqlsoajsonxmlyamlcsvproavrtthrifmsgpkserserdesenccompencryptsignverhashsalspepstrechiterloorecurcontcorougegenumelemrlazyegarstrnonstparatobijmonsincdecconstlinquaexplogsineperoscchafracselfrecconvdivstaunbbounfininfcountcarordalephconaxchoindconscompldec
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