3D空间中的向量概念与运算-CSDN博客

本文链接：https://blog.csdn.net/HowdyHappy/article/details/5827046

本文介绍了三维空间中的向量表示，包括向量的定义、属性、单位向量、相等条件以及特殊向量如零向量和标准基向量。还讨论了左手坐标系与右手坐标系的区别，并解释了向量平移至标准位置的方法。此外，文章涵盖了向量的长度计算、数乘、点积和叉积等基本运算。

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三维空间中的向量

(Vectors in 3-Space)

向量的表示

we represent a vector as a directed line segment

《3D游戏编程大师技巧》

向量是从一个点到另一个点的有向线段。

向量是用起点和终点定义的，只需定义3D 空间中向量的终点，该向量的起点总是(0, 0, 0)。

向量u 从p1 指向p2，则 u = p2 – p1 = <x2-x1, y2-y1>

向量的两个属性

The two properties of vectors: length, magnitude

用向量来表示粒子的速度和加速度

We use vectors to model the velocity and acceleration of our particles. Other times in 3D computer graphics we use vectors to model directions only.

单位向量

A vector with a magnitude of one is called a unit vector.

向量相等

Since location is not a property of vectors, two vectors that have the same length and point in the same direction are considered equal,even if they are in different locations.

四个特殊的3D 向量

zero vector零向量：

it is denoted by a bold zero: 0 = (0, 0, 0).

standard basis vectors 标准基向量：

The next three special vectors are referred to as the standard basis vectors for R3.

These vectors, called the i, j, and k vectors, run along the x-, y-, and z-axis of our coordinate system, respectively, and have a magnitude of one: i = (1, 0, 0), j = (0, 1, 0), and k = (0, 0, 1).

左手坐标系和右手坐标系

(left-handed rectangular coordinate system and right-handed rectangular coordinate system)

如果你观察屏幕的方向是Z 轴正方向的话，这个屏幕的笛卡尔坐标系加上Z轴一起构成了左手坐标系。

The difference between the two is the directions in which the positive z-axis runs. In the left-handed system, the positive z-axis goes into the page. In the right-handed system, the positive z-axis comes out of the page.

将向量平移到标准位置

When a vector’s tail coincides with the origin it is in standard position.

(注：Coincide: To correspond exactly)

区分对点和向量的描述 (处于标准位置的向量只需描述其head，用于描述向量的坐标称为分量component)

Because we can describe a vector in standard position by specifying the coordinates of the vector’s head, as if we are describing a point, it is easy to confuse points and vectors.

A point describes only a location in the coordinate system, whereas a vector describes a magnitude and a direction.

计算向量长度

||u|| = sqrt(ux + uy, + uz)