OpenGL学习（七）——模型加载

最新推荐文章于 2025-05-07 16:49:32 发布

Spade_six

最新推荐文章于 2025-05-07 16:49:32 发布

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文章标签：学习

本文链接：https://blog.csdn.net/Spade_six/article/details/143958448

Assimp

3D建模工具(3D Modeling Tool)可以让艺术家创建复杂的形状，并使用一种叫做UV映射(uv-mapping)的手段来应用贴图。这些工具将会在导出到模型文件的时候自动生成所有的顶点坐标、顶点法线以及纹理坐标。

我们的工作就是解析这些导出的模型文件以及提取所有有用的信息，将它们储存为OpenGL能够理解的格式。一个很常见的问题是，模型的文件格式有很多种，每一种都会以它们自己的方式来导出模型数据。像是Wavefront的.obj这样的模型格式，只包含了模型数据以及材质信息，像是模型颜色和漫反射/镜面光贴图。而以XML为基础的Collada文件格式则非常的丰富，包含模型、光照、多种材质、动画数据、摄像机、完整的场景信息等等。Wavefront的.obj格式通常被认为是一个易于解析的模型格式。

不同种类的文件格式有很多，它们之间通常并没有一个通用的结构。所以如果我们想从这些文件格式中导入模型的话，我们必须要去自己对每一种需要导入的文件格式写一个导入器。

一个非常流行的模型导入库是Assimp（Open Asset Import Library）。Assimp能够导入很多种不同的模型文件格式（并也能够导出部分的格式），它会将所有的模型数据加载至Assimp的通用数据结构中。当Assimp加载完模型之后，我们就能够从Assimp的数据结构中提取我们所需的所有数据了。由于Assimp的数据结构保持不变，不论导入的是什么种类的文件格式，它都能够将我们从这些不同的文件格式中抽象出来，用同一种方式访问我们需要的数据。

和材质和网格(Mesh)一样，所有的场景/模型数据都包含在Scene对象中。Scene对象也包含了场景根节点的引用。
场景的Root node（根节点）可能包含子节点（和其它的节点一样），它会有一系列指向场景对象中mMeshes数组中储存的网格数据的索引。Scene下的mMeshes数组储存了真正的Mesh对象，节点中的mMeshes数组保存的只是场景中网格数组的索引。
一个Mesh对象本身包含了渲染所需要的所有相关数据，像是顶点位置、法向量、纹理坐标、面(Face)和物体的材质。
一个网格包含了多个面。Face代表的是物体的渲染图元(Primitive)（三角形、方形、点）。一个面包含了组成图元的顶点的索引。
一个网格也包含了一个Material对象，它包含了一些函数能让我们获取物体的材质属性，比如说颜色和纹理贴图（比如漫反射和镜面光贴图）。

需要做的第一件事是将一个物体加载到Scene对象中，遍历节点，获取对应的Mesh对象（递归搜索每个节点的子节点），并处理每个Mesh对象来获取顶点数据、索引以及它的材质属性。最终的结果是一系列的网格数据，并将它们包含在一个Model对象中。

构建Assimp

1.在如下地址中下载assimp release版 https://github.com/assimp/assimp/releases/tag/v5.4.3

2.接下来在cmake中按下面配置

但可能遇到如下问题：

这需要安装DirectX SDKDownload DirectX Software Development Kit from Official Microsoft Download Center

安装过程中可能会遇到一个错误码为S1023的错误，删除下图中方框内的即可。

3.再重新在cmake中configure，若无报错，仅有warning不管它，接着generate，最后open files

4. 在打开的vs项目中，右键ALL BUILD生成解决方案

5.成功后，你将在该文件夹下build——>release或debug文件中看到

把.dll文件加到libs文件下，再在assimp->build->include->assimp文件下找到config.h ，把他放到到assimp->include->assimp 目录下。最后把assimp中的include文件放到incldues文件夹下。
6.在附加依赖项中添加assimp-vc143-mtd.lib，并在

环境下加入PATH=D:\Program Files\Assimp\assimp-5.4.3\build\bin\Debug;%PATH%

网格

网格(Mesh)代表的是单个的可绘制实体。一个网格应该至少需要一系列的顶点，每个顶点包含一个位置向量、一个法向量和一个纹理坐标向量，还应该包含用于索引绘制的索引以及纹理形式的材质数据（漫反射/镜面光贴图）。

//定义顶点
struct Vertex {
    glm::vec3 Position;
    glm::vec3 Normal;
    glm::vec2 TexCoords;
};

...
struct Texture {
    unsigned int id;
    string type;
};

...
class Mesh {
    public:
        /*  网格数据  */
        vector<Vertex> vertices;
        vector<unsigned int> indices;
        vector<Texture> textures;
        /*  函数  */
        Mesh(vector<Vertex> vertices, vector<unsigned int> indices, vector<Texture> textures);
        void Draw(Shader shader);
    private:
        /*  渲染数据  */
        unsigned int VAO, VBO, EBO;
        /*  函数  */
        void setupMesh();
};  

...
Mesh(vector<Vertex> vertices, vector<unsigned int> indices, vector<Texture> textures)
{
    this->vertices = vertices;
    this->indices = indices;
    this->textures = textures;

    setupMesh();
}

初始化

void setupMesh()
{
    glGenVertexArrays(1, &VAO);
    glGenBuffers(1, &VBO);
    glGenBuffers(1, &EBO);

    glBindVertexArray(VAO);
    glBindBuffer(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, VBO);

    glBufferData(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, vertices.size() * sizeof(Vertex), &vertices[0], GL_STATIC_DRAW);  

    glBindBuffer(GL_ELEMENT_ARRAY_BUFFER, EBO);
    glBufferData(GL_ELEMENT_ARRAY_BUFFER, indices.size() * sizeof(unsigned int), 
                 &indices[0], GL_STATIC_DRAW);

    // 顶点位置
    glEnableVertexAttribArray(0);   
    glVertexAttribPointer(0, 3, GL_FLOAT, GL_FALSE, sizeof(Vertex), (void*)0);
    // 顶点法线
    glEnableVertexAttribArray(1);   
    glVertexAttribPointer(1, 3, GL_FLOAT, GL_FALSE, sizeof(Vertex), (void*)offsetof(Vertex, Normal));
    // 顶点纹理坐标
    glEnableVertexAttribArray(2);   
    glVertexAttribPointer(2, 2, GL_FLOAT, GL_FALSE, sizeof(Vertex), (void*)offsetof(Vertex, TexCoords));

    glBindVertexArray(0);
}

//C++结构体有一个很棒的特性，它们的内存布局是连续的(Sequential)
//也就是说，如果我们将结构体作为一个数据数组使用
//那么它将会以顺序排列结构体的变量
//这将会直接转换为我们在数组缓冲中所需要的float（实际上是字节）数组。

Vertex vertex;
vertex.Position  = glm::vec3(0.2f, 0.4f, 0.6f);
vertex.Normal    = glm::vec3(0.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f);
vertex.TexCoords = glm::vec2(1.0f, 0.0f);
// = [0.2f, 0.4f, 0.6f, 0.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f];

//由于有了这个有用的特性，我们能够直接传入一大列的Vertex结构体的指针作为缓冲的数据，它们将会完美
//地转换为glBufferData所能用的参数

glBufferData(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, vertices.size() * sizeof(Vertex), &vertices[0], GL_STATIC_DRAW);

//结构体的另外一个很好的用途是它的预处理指令offsetof(s, m)，它的第一个参数是一个结构体，第二个参
//数是这个结构体中变量的名字。这个宏会返回那个变量距结构体头部的字节偏移量(Byte Offset)。这正好
//可以用在定义glVertexAttribPointer函数中的偏移参数
glVertexAttribPointer(1, 3, GL_FLOAT, GL_FALSE, sizeof(Vertex), (void*)offsetof(Vertex, Normal));

渲染

//每个漫反射纹理被命名为texture_diffuseN，每个镜面光纹理应该被命名为texture_specularN，其中N的
//范围是1到纹理采样器最大允许的数字。
uniform sampler2D texture_diffuse1;
uniform sampler2D texture_diffuse2;
uniform sampler2D texture_diffuse3;
uniform sampler2D texture_specular1;
uniform sampler2D texture_specular2;


void Draw(Shader shader) 
{
    unsigned int diffuseNr = 1;
    unsigned int specularNr = 1;
    for(unsigned int i = 0; i < textures.size(); i++)
    {
        glActiveTexture(GL_TEXTURE0 + i); // 在绑定之前激活相应的纹理单元
        // 获取纹理序号（diffuse_textureN 中的 N）
        string number;
        string name = textures[i].type;
        if(name == "texture_diffuse")
            number = std::to_string(diffuseNr++);
        else if(name == "texture_specular")
            number = std::to_string(specularNr++);

        shader.setInt(("material." + name + number).c_str(), i);
        glBindTexture(GL_TEXTURE_2D, textures[i].id);
    }
    glActiveTexture(GL_TEXTURE0);

    // 绘制网格
    glBindVertexArray(VAO);
    glDrawElements(GL_TRIANGLES, indices.size(), GL_UNSIGNED_INT, 0);
    glBindVertexArray(0);
}

模型

class Model 
{
    public:
        /*  函数   */
        Model(char *path)
        {
            loadModel(path);
        }
        void Draw(Shader shader);   
    private:
        /*  模型数据  */
        vector<Mesh> meshes;
        string directory;
        /*  函数   */
        void loadModel(string path);
        void processNode(aiNode *node, const aiScene *scene);
        Mesh processMesh(aiMesh *mesh, const aiScene *scene);
        vector<Texture> loadMaterialTextures(aiMaterial *mat, aiTextureType type, 
                                             string typeName);
};

...
void Draw(Shader &shader)
{
    for(unsigned int i = 0; i < meshes.size(); i++)
        meshes[i].Draw(shader);
}

导入

//所需头文件
#include <assimp/Importer.hpp>
#include <assimp/scene.h>
#include <assimp/postprocess.h>

首先需要调用的函数是loadModel，它会从构造函数中直接调用。在loadModel中，我们使用Assimp来加载模型至Assimp的一个叫做scene的数据结构中。

//第一个参数需要一个文件路径
//二个参数是一些后期处理(Post-processing)的选项。除了加载文件之外，Assimp允许我们设定一些选项来
//强制它对导入的数据做一些额外的计算或操作。通过设定aiProcess_Triangulate，我们告诉Assimp，如果
//模型不是（全部）由三角形组成，它需要将模型所有的图元形状变换为三角形。aiProcess_FlipUVs将在处
//理的时候翻转y轴的纹理坐标。其它一些比较有用的选项有：
//aiProcess_GenNormals：如果模型不包含法向量的话，就为每个顶点创建法线。
//aiProcess_SplitLargeMeshes：将比较大的网格分割成更小的子网格，如果你的渲染有最大顶点数限制，
//只能渲染较小的网格，那么它会非常有用。
//aiProcess_OptimizeMeshes：和上个选项相反，它会将多个小网格拼接为一个大的网格，减少绘制调用从而
//进行优化。

Assimp::Importer importer;
const aiScene *scene = importer.ReadFile(path, aiProcess_Triangulate | aiProcess_FlipUVs);

void loadModel(string path)
{
    Assimp::Importer import;
    const aiScene *scene = import.ReadFile(path, aiProcess_Triangulate | aiProcess_FlipUVs);    

    if(!scene || scene->mFlags & AI_SCENE_FLAGS_INCOMPLETE || !scene->mRootNode) 
    {
        cout << "ERROR::ASSIMP::" << import.GetErrorString() << endl;
        return;
    }
    directory = path.substr(0, path.find_last_of('/'));

    processNode(scene->mRootNode, scene);
}

void processNode(aiNode *node, const aiScene *scene)
{
    // 处理节点所有的网格（如果有的话）
    for(unsigned int i = 0; i < node->mNumMeshes; i++)
    {
        aiMesh *mesh = scene->mMeshes[node->mMeshes[i]]; 
        meshes.push_back(processMesh(mesh, scene));         
    }
    // 接下来对它的子节点重复这一过程
    for(unsigned int i = 0; i < node->mNumChildren; i++)
    {
        processNode(node->mChildren[i], scene);
    }
}

从assimp到网格

Mesh processMesh(aiMesh *mesh, const aiScene *scene)
{
    vector<Vertex> vertices;
    vector<unsigned int> indices;
    vector<Texture> textures;

    for(unsigned int i = 0; i < mesh->mNumVertices; i++)
    {
        Vertex vertex;
        // 处理顶点位置、法线和纹理坐标
        glm::vec3 vector; 
        vector.x = mesh->mVertices[i].x;
        vector.y = mesh->mVertices[i].y;
        vector.z = mesh->mVertices[i].z; 
        vertex.Position = vector;
        vertices.push_back(vertex);

        vector.x = mesh->mNormals[i].x;
        vector.y = mesh->mNormals[i].y;
        vector.z = mesh->mNormals[i].z;
        vertex.Normal = vector;

        if(mesh->mTextureCoords[0]) // 网格是否有纹理坐标？
        {
            glm::vec2 vec;
            vec.x = mesh->mTextureCoords[0][i].x; 
            vec.y = mesh->mTextureCoords[0][i].y;
            vertex.TexCoords = vec;
        }
        else
            vertex.TexCoords = glm::vec2(0.0f, 0.0f);
     }
    // 处理索引
    for(unsigned int i = 0; i < mesh->mNumFaces; i++)
    {
        aiFace face = mesh->mFaces[i];
        for(unsigned int j = 0; j < face.mNumIndices; j++)
            indices.push_back(face.mIndices[j]);
    }
    // 处理材质
    if(mesh->mMaterialIndex >= 0)
    {
        aiMaterial *material = scene->mMaterials[mesh->mMaterialIndex];
        vector<Texture> diffuseMaps = loadMaterialTextures(material, 
                                        aiTextureType_DIFFUSE, "texture_diffuse");
        textures.insert(textures.end(), diffuseMaps.begin(), diffuseMaps.end());
        vector<Texture> specularMaps = loadMaterialTextures(material, 
                                        aiTextureType_SPECULAR, "texture_specular");
        textures.insert(textures.end(), specularMaps.begin(), specularMaps.end());
    }

    return Mesh(vertices, indices, textures);
}

vector<Texture> loadMaterialTextures(aiMaterial *mat, aiTextureType type, string typeName)
{
    vector<Texture> textures;
    for(unsigned int i = 0; i < mat->GetTextureCount(type); i++)
    {
        aiString str;
        mat->GetTexture(type, i, &str);
        Texture texture;
        texture.id = TextureFromFile(str.C_Str(), directory);
        texture.type = typeName;
        texture.path = str;
        textures.push_back(texture);
    }
    return textures;
}

重大优化

大多数场景都会在多个网格中重用部分纹理。加载纹理并不是一个低开销的操作，在我们当前的实现中，即便同样的纹理已经被加载过很多遍了，对每个网格仍会加载并生成一个新的纹理。这很快就会变成模型加载实现的性能瓶颈。我们可以对模型的代码进行微调，将所有加载过的纹理全局储存，每当我们想加载一个纹理的时候，首先去检查它有没有被加载过。如果有的话，我们会直接使用那个纹理。

//存储路径
struct Texture {
    unsigned int id;
    string type;
    aiString path;  // 我们储存纹理的路径用于与其它纹理进行比较
};

...
vector<Texture> textures_loaded;

...
vector<Texture> loadMaterialTextures(aiMaterial *mat, aiTextureType type, string typeName)
{
    vector<Texture> textures;
    for(unsigned int i = 0; i < mat->GetTextureCount(type); i++)
    {
        aiString str;
        mat->GetTexture(type, i, &str);
        bool skip = false;
        for(unsigned int j = 0; j < textures_loaded.size(); j++)
        {
            if(std::strcmp(textures_loaded[j].path.data(), str.C_Str()) == 0)
            {
                textures.push_back(textures_loaded[j]);
                skip = true; 
                break;
            }
        }
        if(!skip)
        {   // 如果纹理还没有被加载，则加载它
            Texture texture;
            texture.id = TextureFromFile(str.C_Str(), directory);
            texture.type = typeName;
            texture.path = str.C_Str();
            textures.push_back(texture);
            textures_loaded.push_back(texture); // 添加到已加载的纹理中
        }
    }
    return textures;
}

加载一个3D模型

cpp文件

#include <glad/glad.h>
#include <GLFW/glfw3.h>

#include <glm/glm.hpp>
#include <glm/gtc/matrix_transform.hpp>
#include <glm/gtc/type_ptr.hpp>

#include "../includes/shader_m.h"
#include "../includes/camera.h"
#include "../includes/model.h"

#include <iostream>

void framebuffer_size_callback(GLFWwindow* window, int width, int height);
void mouse_callback(GLFWwindow* window, double xpos, double ypos);
void scroll_callback(GLFWwindow* window, double xoffset, double yoffset);
void processInput(GLFWwindow* window);

// settings
const unsigned int SCR_WIDTH = 800;
const unsigned int SCR_HEIGHT = 600;

// camera
Camera camera(glm::vec3(0.0f, 0.0f, 3.0f));
float lastX = SCR_WIDTH / 2.0f;
float lastY = SCR_HEIGHT / 2.0f;
bool firstMouse = true;

// timing
float deltaTime = 0.0f;
float lastFrame = 0.0f;

int main()
{
    glfwInit();
    glfwWindowHint(GLFW_CONTEXT_VERSION_MAJOR, 3);
    glfwWindowHint(GLFW_CONTEXT_VERSION_MINOR, 3);
    glfwWindowHint(GLFW_OPENGL_PROFILE, GLFW_OPENGL_CORE_PROFILE);

    GLFWwindow* window = glfwCreateWindow(SCR_WIDTH, SCR_HEIGHT, "LearnOpenGL", NULL, NULL);
    if (window == NULL)
    {
        std::cout << "Failed to create GLFW window" << std::endl;
        glfwTerminate();
        return -1;
    }
    glfwMakeContextCurrent(window);
    glfwSetFramebufferSizeCallback(window, framebuffer_size_callback);
    glfwSetCursorPosCallback(window, mouse_callback);
    glfwSetScrollCallback(window, scroll_callback);

    glfwSetInputMode(window, GLFW_CURSOR, GLFW_CURSOR_DISABLED);

    if (!gladLoadGLLoader((GLADloadproc)glfwGetProcAddress))
    {
        std::cout << "Failed to initialize GLAD" << std::endl;
        return -1;
    }

    stbi_set_flip_vertically_on_load(true);

    glEnable(GL_DEPTH_TEST);

    Shader ourShader("model_loading.vs", "model_loading.fs");

    Model ourModel("../resources/objects/nanosuit/nanosuit.obj");

    while (!glfwWindowShouldClose(window))
    {
        float currentFrame = static_cast<float>(glfwGetTime());
        deltaTime = currentFrame - lastFrame;
        lastFrame = currentFrame;

        processInput(window);

        glClearColor(0.05f, 0.05f, 0.05f, 1.0f);
        glClear(GL_COLOR_BUFFER_BIT | GL_DEPTH_BUFFER_BIT);

        ourShader.use();

        glm::mat4 projection = glm::perspective(glm::radians(camera.Zoom), (float)SCR_WIDTH / (float)SCR_HEIGHT, 0.1f, 100.0f);
        glm::mat4 view = camera.GetViewMatrix();
        ourShader.setMat4("projection", projection);
        ourShader.setMat4("view", view);

        glm::mat4 model = glm::mat4(1.0f);
        model = glm::translate(model, glm::vec3(0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f)); 
        model = glm::scale(model, glm::vec3(1.0f, 1.0f, 1.0f));	
        ourShader.setMat4("model", model);
        ourModel.Draw(ourShader);

        glfwSwapBuffers(window);
        glfwPollEvents();
    }

    glfwTerminate();
    return 0;
}

void processInput(GLFWwindow* window)
{
    if (glfwGetKey(window, GLFW_KEY_ESCAPE) == GLFW_PRESS)
        glfwSetWindowShouldClose(window, true);

    if (glfwGetKey(window, GLFW_KEY_W) == GLFW_PRESS)
        camera.ProcessKeyboard(FORWARD, deltaTime);
    if (glfwGetKey(window, GLFW_KEY_S) == GLFW_PRESS)
        camera.ProcessKeyboard(BACKWARD, deltaTime);
    if (glfwGetKey(window, GLFW_KEY_A) == GLFW_PRESS)
        camera.ProcessKeyboard(LEFT, deltaTime);
    if (glfwGetKey(window, GLFW_KEY_D) == GLFW_PRESS)
        camera.ProcessKeyboard(RIGHT, deltaTime);
}

void framebuffer_size_callback(GLFWwindow* window, int width, int height)
{
    glViewport(0, 0, width, height);
}

void mouse_callback(GLFWwindow* window, double xposIn, double yposIn)
{
    float xpos = static_cast<float>(xposIn);
    float ypos = static_cast<float>(yposIn);

    if (firstMouse)
    {
        lastX = xpos;
        lastY = ypos;
        firstMouse = false;
    }

    float xoffset = xpos - lastX;
    float yoffset = lastY - ypos; 

    lastX = xpos;
    lastY = ypos;

    camera.ProcessMouseMovement(xoffset, yoffset);
}

void scroll_callback(GLFWwindow* window, double xoffset, double yoffset)
{
    camera.ProcessMouseScroll(static_cast<float>(yoffset));
}

model.h

#ifndef MODEL_H
#define MODEL_H

#include <glad/glad.h> 

#include <glm/glm.hpp>
#include <glm/gtc/matrix_transform.hpp>
#define STB_IMAGE_IMPLEMENTATION
#include "stb_image.h"
#include <assimp/Importer.hpp>
#include <assimp/scene.h>
#include <assimp/postprocess.h>

#include "mesh.h"
#include "shader.h"

#include <string>
#include <fstream>
#include <sstream>
#include <iostream>
#include <map>
#include <vector>
using namespace std;

unsigned int TextureFromFile(const char* path, const string& directory, bool gamma = false);

class Model
{
public:
    // model data 
    vector<Texture> textures_loaded;	// stores all the textures loaded so far, optimization to make sure textures aren't loaded more than once.
    vector<Mesh>    meshes;
    string directory;
    bool gammaCorrection;

    // constructor, expects a filepath to a 3D model.
    Model(string const& path, bool gamma = false) : gammaCorrection(gamma)
    {
        loadModel(path);
    }

    // draws the model, and thus all its meshes
    void Draw(Shader& shader)
    {
        for (unsigned int i = 0; i < meshes.size(); i++)
            meshes[i].Draw(shader);
    }

private:
    // loads a model with supported ASSIMP extensions from file and stores the resulting meshes in the meshes vector.
    void loadModel(string const& path)
    {
        // read file via ASSIMP
        Assimp::Importer importer;
        const aiScene* scene = importer.ReadFile(path, aiProcess_Triangulate | aiProcess_GenSmoothNormals | aiProcess_FlipUVs | aiProcess_CalcTangentSpace);
        // check for errors
        if (!scene || scene->mFlags & AI_SCENE_FLAGS_INCOMPLETE || !scene->mRootNode) // if is Not Zero
        {
            cout << "ERROR::ASSIMP:: " << importer.GetErrorString() << endl;
            return;
        }
        // retrieve the directory path of the filepath
        directory = path.substr(0, path.find_last_of('/'));

        // process ASSIMP's root node recursively
        processNode(scene->mRootNode, scene);
    }

    // processes a node in a recursive fashion. Processes each individual mesh located at the node and repeats this process on its children nodes (if any).
    void processNode(aiNode* node, const aiScene* scene)
    {
        // process each mesh located at the current node
        for (unsigned int i = 0; i < node->mNumMeshes; i++)
        {
            // the node object only contains indices to index the actual objects in the scene. 
            // the scene contains all the data, node is just to keep stuff organized (like relations between nodes).
            aiMesh* mesh = scene->mMeshes[node->mMeshes[i]];
            meshes.push_back(processMesh(mesh, scene));
        }
        // after we've processed all of the meshes (if any) we then recursively process each of the children nodes
        for (unsigned int i = 0; i < node->mNumChildren; i++)
        {
            processNode(node->mChildren[i], scene);
        }

    }

    Mesh processMesh(aiMesh* mesh, const aiScene* scene)
    {
        // data to fill
        vector<Vertex> vertices;
        vector<unsigned int> indices;
        vector<Texture> textures;

        // walk through each of the mesh's vertices
        for (unsigned int i = 0; i < mesh->mNumVertices; i++)
        {
            Vertex vertex;
            glm::vec3 vector; // we declare a placeholder vector since assimp uses its own vector class that doesn't directly convert to glm's vec3 class so we transfer the data to this placeholder glm::vec3 first.
            // positions
            vector.x = mesh->mVertices[i].x;
            vector.y = mesh->mVertices[i].y;
            vector.z = mesh->mVertices[i].z;
            vertex.Position = vector;
            // normals
            if (mesh->HasNormals())
            {
                vector.x = mesh->mNormals[i].x;
                vector.y = mesh->mNormals[i].y;
                vector.z = mesh->mNormals[i].z;
                vertex.Normal = vector;
            }
            // texture coordinates
            if (mesh->mTextureCoords[0]) // does the mesh contain texture coordinates?
            {
                glm::vec2 vec;
                // a vertex can contain up to 8 different texture coordinates. We thus make the assumption that we won't 
                // use models where a vertex can have multiple texture coordinates so we always take the first set (0).
                vec.x = mesh->mTextureCoords[0][i].x;
                vec.y = mesh->mTextureCoords[0][i].y;
                vertex.TexCoords = vec;
                // tangent
                vector.x = mesh->mTangents[i].x;
                vector.y = mesh->mTangents[i].y;
                vector.z = mesh->mTangents[i].z;
                vertex.Tangent = vector;
                // bitangent
                vector.x = mesh->mBitangents[i].x;
                vector.y = mesh->mBitangents[i].y;
                vector.z = mesh->mBitangents[i].z;
                vertex.Bitangent = vector;
            }
            else
                vertex.TexCoords = glm::vec2(0.0f, 0.0f);

            vertices.push_back(vertex);
        }
        // now wak through each of the mesh's faces (a face is a mesh its triangle) and retrieve the corresponding vertex indices.
        for (unsigned int i = 0; i < mesh->mNumFaces; i++)
        {
            aiFace face = mesh->mFaces[i];
            // retrieve all indices of the face and store them in the indices vector
            for (unsigned int j = 0; j < face.mNumIndices; j++)
                indices.push_back(face.mIndices[j]);
        }
        // process materials
        aiMaterial* material = scene->mMaterials[mesh->mMaterialIndex];
        // we assume a convention for sampler names in the shaders. Each diffuse texture should be named
        // as 'texture_diffuseN' where N is a sequential number ranging from 1 to MAX_SAMPLER_NUMBER. 
        // Same applies to other texture as the following list summarizes:
        // diffuse: texture_diffuseN
        // specular: texture_specularN
        // normal: texture_normalN

        // 1. diffuse maps
        vector<Texture> diffuseMaps = loadMaterialTextures(material, aiTextureType_DIFFUSE, "texture_diffuse");
        textures.insert(textures.end(), diffuseMaps.begin(), diffuseMaps.end());
        // 2. specular maps
        vector<Texture> specularMaps = loadMaterialTextures(material, aiTextureType_SPECULAR, "texture_specular");
        textures.insert(textures.end(), specularMaps.begin(), specularMaps.end());
        // 3. normal maps
        std::vector<Texture> normalMaps = loadMaterialTextures(material, aiTextureType_HEIGHT, "texture_normal");
        textures.insert(textures.end(), normalMaps.begin(), normalMaps.end());
        // 4. height maps
        std::vector<Texture> heightMaps = loadMaterialTextures(material, aiTextureType_AMBIENT, "texture_height");
        textures.insert(textures.end(), heightMaps.begin(), heightMaps.end());

        // return a mesh object created from the extracted mesh data
        return Mesh(vertices, indices, textures);
    }

    // checks all material textures of a given type and loads the textures if they're not loaded yet.
    // the required info is returned as a Texture struct.
    vector<Texture> loadMaterialTextures(aiMaterial* mat, aiTextureType type, string typeName)
    {
        vector<Texture> textures;
        for (unsigned int i = 0; i < mat->GetTextureCount(type); i++)
        {
            aiString str;
            mat->GetTexture(type, i, &str);
            // check if texture was loaded before and if so, continue to next iteration: skip loading a new texture
            bool skip = false;
            for (unsigned int j = 0; j < textures_loaded.size(); j++)
            {
                if (std::strcmp(textures_loaded[j].path.data(), str.C_Str()) == 0)
                {
                    textures.push_back(textures_loaded[j]);
                    skip = true; // a texture with the same filepath has already been loaded, continue to next one. (optimization)
                    break;
                }
            }
            if (!skip)
            {   // if texture hasn't been loaded already, load it
                Texture texture;
                texture.id = TextureFromFile(str.C_Str(), this->directory);
                texture.type = typeName;
                texture.path = str.C_Str();
                textures.push_back(texture);
                textures_loaded.push_back(texture);  // store it as texture loaded for entire model, to ensure we won't unnecessary load duplicate textures.
            }
        }
        return textures;
    }
};


unsigned int TextureFromFile(const char* path, const string& directory, bool gamma)
{
    string filename = string(path);
    filename = directory + '/' + filename;

    unsigned int textureID;
    glGenTextures(1, &textureID);

    int width, height, nrComponents;
    unsigned char* data = stbi_load(filename.c_str(), &width, &height, &nrComponents, 0);
    if (data)
    {
        GLenum format;
        if (nrComponents == 1)
            format = GL_RED;
        else if (nrComponents == 3)
            format = GL_RGB;
        else if (nrComponents == 4)
            format = GL_RGBA;

        glBindTexture(GL_TEXTURE_2D, textureID);
        glTexImage2D(GL_TEXTURE_2D, 0, format, width, height, 0, format, GL_UNSIGNED_BYTE, data);
        glGenerateMipmap(GL_TEXTURE_2D);

        glTexParameteri(GL_TEXTURE_2D, GL_TEXTURE_WRAP_S, GL_REPEAT);
        glTexParameteri(GL_TEXTURE_2D, GL_TEXTURE_WRAP_T, GL_REPEAT);
        glTexParameteri(GL_TEXTURE_2D, GL_TEXTURE_MIN_FILTER, GL_LINEAR_MIPMAP_LINEAR);
        glTexParameteri(GL_TEXTURE_2D, GL_TEXTURE_MAG_FILTER, GL_LINEAR);

        stbi_image_free(data);
    }
    else
    {
        std::cout << "Texture failed to load at path: " << path << std::endl;
        stbi_image_free(data);
    }

    return textureID;
}
#endif

mesh.h

#ifndef MESH_H
#define MESH_H

#include <glad/glad.h> // holds all OpenGL type declarations

#include <glm/glm.hpp>
#include <glm/gtc/matrix_transform.hpp>

#include "shader.h"

#include <string>
#include <vector>
using namespace std;

#define MAX_BONE_INFLUENCE 4

struct Vertex {
    // position
    glm::vec3 Position;
    // normal
    glm::vec3 Normal;
    // texCoords
    glm::vec2 TexCoords;
    // tangent
    glm::vec3 Tangent;
    // bitangent
    glm::vec3 Bitangent;
    //bone indexes which will influence this vertex
    int m_BoneIDs[MAX_BONE_INFLUENCE];
    //weights from each bone
    float m_Weights[MAX_BONE_INFLUENCE];
};

struct Texture {
    unsigned int id;
    string type;
    string path;
};

class Mesh {
public:
    // mesh Data
    vector<Vertex>       vertices;
    vector<unsigned int> indices;
    vector<Texture>      textures;
    unsigned int VAO;

    // constructor
    Mesh(vector<Vertex> vertices, vector<unsigned int> indices, vector<Texture> textures)
    {
        this->vertices = vertices;
        this->indices = indices;
        this->textures = textures;

        // now that we have all the required data, set the vertex buffers and its attribute pointers.
        setupMesh();
    }

    // render the mesh
    void Draw(Shader& shader)
    {
        // bind appropriate textures
        unsigned int diffuseNr = 1;
        unsigned int specularNr = 1;
        unsigned int normalNr = 1;
        unsigned int heightNr = 1;
        for (unsigned int i = 0; i < textures.size(); i++)
        {
            glActiveTexture(GL_TEXTURE0 + i); // active proper texture unit before binding
            // retrieve texture number (the N in diffuse_textureN)
            string number;
            string name = textures[i].type;
            if (name == "texture_diffuse")
                number = std::to_string(diffuseNr++);
            else if (name == "texture_specular")
                number = std::to_string(specularNr++); // transfer unsigned int to string
            else if (name == "texture_normal")
                number = std::to_string(normalNr++); // transfer unsigned int to string
            else if (name == "texture_height")
                number = std::to_string(heightNr++); // transfer unsigned int to string

            // now set the sampler to the correct texture unit
            glUniform1i(glGetUniformLocation(shader.ID, (name + number).c_str()), i);
            // and finally bind the texture
            glBindTexture(GL_TEXTURE_2D, textures[i].id);
        }

        // draw mesh
        glBindVertexArray(VAO);
        glDrawElements(GL_TRIANGLES, static_cast<unsigned int>(indices.size()), GL_UNSIGNED_INT, 0);
        glBindVertexArray(0);

        // always good practice to set everything back to defaults once configured.
        glActiveTexture(GL_TEXTURE0);
    }

private:
    // render data 
    unsigned int VBO, EBO;

    // initializes all the buffer objects/arrays
    void setupMesh()
    {
        // create buffers/arrays
        glGenVertexArrays(1, &VAO);
        glGenBuffers(1, &VBO);
        glGenBuffers(1, &EBO);

        glBindVertexArray(VAO);
        // load data into vertex buffers
        glBindBuffer(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, VBO);
        // A great thing about structs is that their memory layout is sequential for all its items.
        // The effect is that we can simply pass a pointer to the struct and it translates perfectly to a glm::vec3/2 array which
        // again translates to 3/2 floats which translates to a byte array.
        glBufferData(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, vertices.size() * sizeof(Vertex), &vertices[0], GL_STATIC_DRAW);

        glBindBuffer(GL_ELEMENT_ARRAY_BUFFER, EBO);
        glBufferData(GL_ELEMENT_ARRAY_BUFFER, indices.size() * sizeof(unsigned int), &indices[0], GL_STATIC_DRAW);

        // set the vertex attribute pointers
        // vertex Positions
        glEnableVertexAttribArray(0);
        glVertexAttribPointer(0, 3, GL_FLOAT, GL_FALSE, sizeof(Vertex), (void*)0);
        // vertex normals
        glEnableVertexAttribArray(1);
        glVertexAttribPointer(1, 3, GL_FLOAT, GL_FALSE, sizeof(Vertex), (void*)offsetof(Vertex, Normal));
        // vertex texture coords
        glEnableVertexAttribArray(2);
        glVertexAttribPointer(2, 2, GL_FLOAT, GL_FALSE, sizeof(Vertex), (void*)offsetof(Vertex, TexCoords));
        // vertex tangent
        glEnableVertexAttribArray(3);
        glVertexAttribPointer(3, 3, GL_FLOAT, GL_FALSE, sizeof(Vertex), (void*)offsetof(Vertex, Tangent));
        // vertex bitangent
        glEnableVertexAttribArray(4);
        glVertexAttribPointer(4, 3, GL_FLOAT, GL_FALSE, sizeof(Vertex), (void*)offsetof(Vertex, Bitangent));
        // ids
        glEnableVertexAttribArray(5);
        glVertexAttribIPointer(5, 4, GL_INT, sizeof(Vertex), (void*)offsetof(Vertex, m_BoneIDs));

        // weights
        glEnableVertexAttribArray(6);
        glVertexAttribPointer(6, 4, GL_FLOAT, GL_FALSE, sizeof(Vertex), (void*)offsetof(Vertex, m_Weights));
        glBindVertexArray(0);
    }
};
#endif

model_loading.vs

#version 330 core
layout (location = 0) in vec3 aPos;
layout (location = 1) in vec3 aNormal;
layout (location = 2) in vec2 aTexCoords;

out vec2 TexCoords;

uniform mat4 model;
uniform mat4 view;
uniform mat4 projection;

void main()
{
    TexCoords = aTexCoords;    
    gl_Position = projection * view * model * vec4(aPos, 1.0);
}

model_loading.fs

#version 330 core
out vec4 FragColor;

in vec2 TexCoords;

uniform sampler2D texture_diffuse1;

void main()
{    
    FragColor = texture(texture_diffuse1, TexCoords);
}